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Petrogenesis and tectonic association of rift-related basic Panjal dykes from the northern Indian plate, North-Western Pakistan: evidence of high-Ti basalts analogous to dykes from Tibet

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Abstract

Rift related magmatism during Permian time in the northern margin of Indian plate is represented by basic dykes in several Himalayan terranes including north western Pakistan. The field relations, mineralogy and whole rock geochemistry of these basic dykes reveal significant textural, mineralogical and chemical variation between two major types (a) dolerite and (b) amphibolite. Intra-plate tectonic settings for both rock types have been interpreted on the basis of low Zr/Nb ratios (< 10), K/Ba ratios (20–40) and Hf-Ta-Th and FeO-MgO-Al2O3 discrimination diagrams. The compositional zoning in plagioclase and clinopyroxene, variation in olivine compositions and major elements oxide trends indicate a vital role of fractional crystallization in the evolution of dolerites, which also show depletion in rare earth elements (REEs) and other incompatible elements compared to the amphibolites. The equilibrium partial melting models from primitive mantle using Dy/Yb, La/Yb, Sm/Yb and La/Sm ratios show that amphibolite formed by smaller degrees (< 5%) of partial melting than the dolerites (< 10%). The trace elements ratios suggest the origination of dolerites from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle with some crustal contamination. This is consistent with a petrogenetic relationship with Panjal trap magmatism, reported from Kashmir and other parts of north western India. The amphibolites, in contrast, show affinity towards Ocean Island basalts (OIB) with a relatively deep asthenospheric mantle source and minimal crustal contribution and are geochemically similar to the High-Ti mafic dykes of southern Qiangtang, Tibet. These similarities combined with Permian tectonic restoration of Gondwana indicate the coeval origin for both dykes from distinct mantle source during continental rifting related to formation of the Neotethys Ocean.

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(modified from Xu et al. 2015). The scatter of both magmatic units as a single LIP is shown around ca. 290 Ma. The existence of High-Ti basalts in Himalayan terrane is shown after the separation of Qiantang terrane in Artinskian, c Sketch showing the generation of plume originated High-Ti dykes (red) and SLM originated Panjal traps (black) as a single large igneous province during late Paleozoic rifting event. Opening of Neotethys separate the Qiangtang block from Himalayan terrane (Zhang et al. 2012)

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Acknowledgements

Field work plans and initial samples screening/ cutting were done at the Department of Geology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Gavyn Rollinson helped with the generation of mineral maps using QEMSCAN. Stuart Kearns, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, is highly acknowledged for guidance during EPMA work. Steve Pendray, Sharon Uren and Malcolm Spence are thanked for their assistance during thin section preparation and whole rock analysis at Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter. We are indebted to two anonymous reviewers and journal editor Qiang Wang, whose constructive comments helped to improve the manuscript. Lead author M.S. acknowledges financial assistance provided by the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission, United Kingdom.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Peshawar, 25120, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sajid

  2. Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK

    Muhammad Sajid & Jens Andersen

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan

    Mohammad Arif

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Supplementary material 1 (XLSX 38 kb)

710_2017_536_MOESM2_ESM.jpg

Fig. S1 A) Composition of clinopyroxenes from dolerites, B-C) Characterization of host rocks based on clinopyroxene composition, division of different fields from Leterrier et al. (1982) (JPG 594 kb)

Fig. S2 Classification and comparison of amphiboles from studied dolerites and amphiboles (JPG 433 kb)

710_2017_536_MOESM4_ESM.jpg

Fig. S3 A) Back scattered electron image showing exsolution of ilmenite in host magnetite, B) Thin reaction rim of green colour along ore margins (JPG 2363 kb)

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Sajid, M., Andersen, J. & Arif, M. Petrogenesis and tectonic association of rift-related basic Panjal dykes from the northern Indian plate, North-Western Pakistan: evidence of high-Ti basalts analogous to dykes from Tibet. Miner Petrol 112, 415–434 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-017-0536-9

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