Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), to which animals are most susceptible at 4–8 years of age. In this study, we examined tumor cells associated with EBL in an 18-year-old cow to reveal that the cells carried at least two different copies of the virus, one of which was predicted to encode a reverse transcriptase (RT) lacking ribonuclease H activity and no integrase. Such a deficient enzyme may exhibit a dominant negative effect on the wild-type RT and cause insufficient viral replication, resulting in delayed tumor development in this cow.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Acaite J, Tamosiunas V, Lukauskas K, Milius J, Pieskus J (2007) The eradication experience of enzootic bovine leukosis from Lithuania. Prev Vet Med 82:83–89
Burny A, Cleuter Y, Kettman R, Mammerickx M, Marbaix G, Portelle D, Van den Broeke A, Willems L, Thomas R (1998) Bovine leukaemia: facts and hypotheses derived from the study of an infectious cancer. Vet Microbiol 17:197–218
Demirhan I, Altanerova V, Chandra A, Gerber T, Hofmann D, Altaner C, Chandra P (1996) Characterization of the RNA dependent DNA polymerase of bovine leukemia virus. Anticancer Res 16:2501–2505
Eric W, Marielle C, Antoine G, Simon W-H (1996) Clonal expansion of infected cells: a way of life for HTLV-I. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 13:S92–S99
Goff SP (2007) Retroviridae: The Retroviruses and their replication. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, Griffin DE, Lamb RA (eds) Fields virology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 1999–2069
Igakura T, Stinchcombe JC, Goon PK, Taylor GP, Weber J, Griffiths GM, Tanaka Y, Osame M, Bangham CR (2003) Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton. Science 299:1713–1716
Inoue E, Matsumura K, Soma N, Hirasawa S, Wakimoto M, Arakaki Y, Yoshida T, Osawa Y, Okazaki K (2013) L233P mutation of the Tax protein strongly correlated with leukemogenicity of bovine leukemia virus. Vet Microbiol 167:364–371
Inoue J, Seiki M, Taniguchi T, Tsuru S, Yoshida M (1986) Induction of interleukin 2 receptor gene expression by p40x encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. EMBO J 5:2883–2888
Kahrs RF (2001) Bovine leukemia virus and enzootic bovine leucosis. Viral diseases of cattle, 2nd edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp 103–112
Katoh I, Yoshinaka Y, Ikawa Y (1989) Bovine leukemia virus trans-activator p38tax activates heterologous promoters with a common sequence known as a cAMP-responsive element or the binding site of a cellular transcription factor ATF. EMBO J 8:497–503
Kenyon SJ, Piper CE (1977) Cellular basis of persistent lymphocytosis in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus. Infect Immun 16:891–897
Knapen K, Kerkhofs P, Mammerickx M (1993) Eradication of enzootic bovine leukosis in Belgium: Results of the mass detection on the national cattle population in 1989, 1990 and 1991. Ann Med Vet 137:197–201
Moules V, Pomier C, Sibon D, Gabet AS, Reichert N, Kerkhofs P, Willems L, Mortreux F, Wattel E (2005) Fate of premalignant clones during the asymptomatic phase preceding lymphoid malignancy. Cancer Res 65:1234–1243
Nagashima K, Yoshida M, Seiki M (1986) A single species of pX mRNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type I encodes trans-activator p40x and two other phosphoprotein. J Virol 60:394–399
Nuotio L, Rusanen H, Sihvonen L, Neuvonen E (2003) Eradication of enzootic bovine leukosis from Finland. Prev Vet Med 59:43–49
Paul PS, Pomeroy KA, Johnson DW, Muscoplat CC, Handwerger BS, Soper FF, Sorensen DK (1977) Evidence for the replication of bovine leukemia virus in the B lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 38:873–876
Perach M, Hizi A (1999) Catalytic features of the recombinant reverse transcriptase of bovine leukemia virus expressed in bacteria. Virology 259:176–189
Saini SS, Allore B, Jacobs RM, Kaushik A (1999) Exceptionally long CDR3H region with multiple cysteine residues in functional bovine IgM antibodies. Eur J Immun 29:2420–2426
Sagata N, Yasunaga T, Ohishi K, Tsuzuku-Kawamura J, Onuma M, Ikawa Y (1984) Comparison of the entire genomes of bovine leukemia virus and human T-cell leukemia virus and characterization of their unidentified open reading frames. EMBO J 3:3231–3237
Straub OC (1987) Natural and experimental transmission of bovine leukemia virus. In: Burny A, Mammerickx M (eds) Enzootic bovine leucosis and bovine leukemia virus. Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston, pp 229–249
Szynal M, Cleuter Y, Beskorwayne T, Bagnis C, Van Lint C, Kerkhofs P, Burny A, Martiat P, Griebel P, Van den Broeke A (2003) Disruption of B-cell homeostatic mediated by the BLV-Tax oncoprotein: association with upregulation of Bcl-2 and signaling through NF-κB. Oncogene 22:4531–4542
Taube R, Loya S, Avidan O, Perach M, Hizi A (1998) Reverse transcriptase of mouse mammary tumour virus: expression in bacteria, purification and biochemical characterization. Biochem J 329:579–587
Willems L, Gegonne A, Chen G, Burny A, Kettmann R, Ghysdael J (1987) The bovine leukemia virus p34 is a transactivator protein. EMBO J 6:3385–3389
Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. We thank the workers at the Meat Inspection Office for their extensive help in collecting the samples.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
DDBJ accession nos: nucleotide sequence data from this article have been deposited with the DNA Data Bank of Japan under accession nos LC005615 and LC005616.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Watanabe, T., Inoue, E., Mori, H. et al. Delayed-onset enzootic bovine leukosis possibly caused by superinfection with bovine leukemia virus mutated in the pol gene. Arch Virol 160, 2087–2091 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2457-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2457-4