Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

New clade of betanodaviruses detected in wild and farmed cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Betanodaviruses have been isolated and detected in both farmed and wild fish species worldwide. They are classified in five clusters, and all are connected to mortalities in farmed fish. The clusters do not represent specific geographical areas or host species, but one cluster, barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus (BFNNV), is mainly associated with cold water fish species. This study presents the first species-specific clade within the BFNNV cluster. This clade consists of six isolates from wild and farmed Atlantic cod in Norway and is genetically distinct from other betanodaviruses in the North Atlantic. Screening of farmed and wild cod in Norway shows that betanodaviruses are present in wild fish on the west coast of Norway, including migratory cod, but so far we have not detected any betanodavirus-positive wild cod in northern Norway. The presence of significant amounts of betanodaviruses in wild cod represents a serious challenge for the management of viral nervous necrosis in farmed cod in Norway. Betanodavirus-positive farmed cod were present both in western and northern Norway. Mortalities in three cod farms were suspected to be caused by betanodaviruses; however, in two of these, other pathogens may have been responsible for or strongly contributed to the mortalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  1. Arimoto M, Mushiake K, Mizuta Y, Nakai T, Muroga K, Furusawa I (1992) Detection of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gyobyo Kenkyu 27(4):191–195

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aspehaug V, Devold M, Nylund A (1999) The phylogenetic relationship of nervous necrosis virus from halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 19:196–202

    Google Scholar 

  3. Barker DE, MacKinnon AM, Boston L et al (2002) First report of piscine nodavirus infecting wild winterflounder Pleuronectes americanus in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick, Canada. Dis Aquat Organ 49:99–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Breuil G, Pepin JF, Castric J, Fauvel C, Thiery R (2000) Detection of serum antibodies against nodavirus in wild and farmed adult sea bass: application to the screening of broodstock in sea bass hatcheries. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 20:95–100

    Google Scholar 

  5. Breuil G, Pepin JFP, Boscher S, Yhiery R (2002) Experimental vertical transmission of nodavirus from broodfish to eggs and larvae of the sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). J Fish Dis 25:697–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Cusack RR, MacKinnon AM, Boston L, Peach R, Groman D (2002) Experimental exposure of juvenile Atlantic cod, haddock and Atlantic halibut to nodavirus isolated from Atlantic cod and haddock and the effects of cross-infectivety. In: Harrington KS (ed) Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on aquatic animal health. American Fisheries Society, New Orleans

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cutrin JM, Dopazo CP, Thiery R, Leao P, Olveira JG, Barja JL, Bandin I (2007) Emergence of pathogenic betanodaviruses belonging to the SJNNV genogroup in farmed fish species from the Iberian Peninsula. J Fish Dis 30:225–232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dalla Valle L, Negrisolo E, Patarnello P, Zanella L, Maltese C, Bovo G, Colombo L (2001) Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of fish nodaviruses based on the coat protein gene. Arch Virol 146:1125–1137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Devold M, Krossøy B, Aspehaug V, Nylund A (2000) Use of RT-PCR for diagnosis of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) in carrier sea trout Salmo trutta after experimental infection. Dis Aquat Organ 40:9–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Fukuda Y, Nguyen HD, Furuhasi M, Nakai T (1996) Mass mortality of cultured sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, associated with viral nervous necrosis. Fish Pathol 31(3):165–170

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gagne N, Johnson SC, Cook-Versloot M, MacKinnon AM, Olivier G (2004) Molecular detection and characterization of nodavirus in several marine fish species from the northeastern Atlantic. Dis Aquat Organ 62:181–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gomez DK, Sato J, Mushiake K, Isshiki T, Okinaka Y, Nakai T (2004) PCR-based detection of betanodaviruses from cultured and wild marine fish with no clinical signs. J Fish Dis 27:603–608

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Grotmol S, Bergh O, Totland GK (1999) Transmission of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) to yolk-sac larvae of the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus: occurrence of nodavirus in various organs and a possible route of infection. Dis Aquat Organ 36:95–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Grotmol S, Totland GK (2000) Surface disinfection of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus eggs with ozonated sea-water inactivates nodavirus and increases survival of the larvae. Dis Aquat Organ 39:89–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754–755

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Johansen R, Sommerset I, Torud B, Korsnes K, Hjortaas MJ, Nilsen F, Nerland AH, Dannevig BH (2004) Characterization of nodavirus and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.). J Fish Dis 27:591–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Johnson SC, Sperker SA, Leggiadro CT, Groman DB, Griffiths SG, Ritchie RJ, Cook MD, Cusack RR (2002) Identification and characterization of a piscine neuropathy and nodavirus from juvenile Atlantic cod from the Atlantic coast of North America. J Aquat Anim Health 14:124–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Knipe DM, Howley PM (2001) Fields virology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  19. Korsnes K, Devold M, Nerland AH, Nylund A (2005) Viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar after intraperitoneal challenge with a nodavirus from Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus. Dis Aquat Organ 68:7–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Le Breton A, Grisez L, Sweetman J, Ollevier F (1997) Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) associated with mass mortalities in cage-reared sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). J Fish Dis 20:145–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Munday BL, Langdon JS, Hyatt A, Humphrey JD (1992) Mass mortality associated with viral-induced vacuolating encephalopathy and retinopathy of larval and juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer Bloch. Aquaculture 103:197–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Munday BL, Kwang J, Moody N (2002) Betanodavirus infections of teleost fish: a review. J Fish Dis 25:127–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Mushiake K, Nishizawa T, Nakai T, Furusawa I, Muroga K (1994) Control of VNN in striped jack: selection of spawners based on the detection of SJNNV gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fish Pathol 29(3):177–182

    Google Scholar 

  24. Nylund A, Karlsbakk E, Andersen L, Nylund S, Isaksen TE, Ottem KF, Handeland S (2006a) Nodaviruses are common in marine fish (in Norwegian). Norsk Fiskeoppdrett 10:52–54

    Google Scholar 

  25. Nylund A, Ottem KF, Watanabe K, Karlsbakk E, Krossøy B (2006b) Francisella sp. (Family Francisellaeceae) causing mortality in Norwegian cod (Gadus morhua) farming. Arch Microbiol 185:383–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Nishizawa T, Furuhasi M, Nagai T, Nakai T, Muroga K (1997) Genomic classification of fish nodavfiruses by phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 63(4):1633–1636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Olsvik PA, Kristensen T, Waagbø R, Tollefsen KE, Rosseland BO, Toften H (2006) Effects of hypo- and hyperoxia on transcription levels of five stress genes and the glutathione system in liver of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. J Exp Biol 209:2893–2901

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ottem KF, Nylund A, Karslbakk E, Friis-Møller A, Krossøy B (2006) Characterization of Francisella sp., GM2212, the first Francisella isolate from marine from, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Arch Microbiol (2007) 187:343–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ottem KF, Nylund A, Karlsbakk E, Isaksen TE, Bergh Ø (2007) Occurrence of Francisella piscicida in farmed and wild Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. in Norway. J Fish Dis (in press)

  30. Page RDM (1996) TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12:357–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Posada D, Crandall KA (1998) Modeltest: testing the model og DNA substitution. Bioinform Appl Note 14(9):817–818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572–1574

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Starkey WG, Ireland JH, Muir KF, Jenkins ME, Roy WJ, Richards RH, Ferguson HW (2001) Nodavirus infection in Atlantic cod and Dover sole in the UK. Vet Rec 149:179–181

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Skliris GP, Krondiris JV, Sideris DC, Shinn AP, Starkey WG, Richards RH (2001) Phylogenetic and antigenic characterization of new fish nodavirus isolates from Europe and Asia. Virus Res 75:59–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Swofford DL (1998) Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods, version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  36. Thiery R, Cozien J, de Boisseson C, Kerbart-Boscher S, Nevarez L (2004) Genomic classification of new betanodavirus isolates by phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein gene suggests a low host-fish species specificity. J Gen Virol 85:3079–3087

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Toffolo V, Negrisolo E, Maltese C, Bovo G, Belvedere P, Colombo L, Dalla Valle L (2006) Phylogeny of betanodaviruses and molecular evolution of their RNA polymerase and coat proteins. Mol Phylogenet Evol 43(2007):298–308

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ucko M, Colorni A, Diamant A (2004) Nodavirus infections in Israeli mariculture. J Fish Dis 27:459–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Watanabe K, Nishizawa T, Yoshimizu M (2000) Selection of brood stock candidates of barfin flounder using an ELISA system with recombinant protein of barfin flounder nervous necrosis virus. Dis Aquat Organ 41:219–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was financed by the Norwegian Research Council (NFR 172533/S40) and by Hordland Fylkeskommune.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway

    A. Nylund, E. Karlsbakk, S. Nylund, T. E. Isaksen, M. Karlsen, S. Handeland & K. F. Ottem

  2. Bodø University College, 8049, Bodø, Norway

    K. Korsnes

  3. Selvær Torsk, 8742, Selvær, Norway

    R. Martinsen

  4. Grieg Cod Farming AS, Boks 234 sentrum, 5804, Bergen, Norway

    T. Mork Pedersen

Authors
  1. A. Nylund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Karlsbakk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Nylund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. E. Isaksen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. Karlsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. K. Korsnes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S. Handeland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. Martinsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. T. Mork Pedersen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. K. F. Ottem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Nylund.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nylund, A., Karlsbakk, E., Nylund, S. et al. New clade of betanodaviruses detected in wild and farmed cod (Gadus morhua) in Norway. Arch Virol 153, 541–547 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-0015-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-007-0015-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation