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Life form and water source interact to determine active time and environment in cryptogams: an example from the maritime Antarctic

  • Physiological ecology - Original research
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Abstract

Antarctica, with its almost pristine conditions and relatively simple vegetation, offers excellent opportunities to investigate the influence of environmental factors on species performance, such information being crucial if the effects of possible climate change are to be understood. Antarctic vegetation is mainly cryptogamic. Cryptogams are poikilohydric and are only metabolically and photosynthetically active when hydrated. Activity patterns of the main life forms present, bryophytes (10 species, ecto- and endohydric), lichens (5 species) and phanerogams (2 species), were monitored for 21 days using chlorophyll a fluorescence as an indicator of metabolic activity and, therefore, of water regime at a mesic (hydration by meltwater) and a xeric (hydration by precipitation) site on Léonie Island/West Antarctic Peninsula (67°36′S). Length of activity depended mainly on site and form of hydration. Plants at the mesic site that were hydrated by meltwater were active for long periods, up to 100 % of the measurement period, whilst activity was much shorter at the xeric site where hydration was entirely by precipitation. There were also differences due to life form, with phanerogams and mesic bryophytes being most active and lichens generally much less so. The length of the active period for lichens was longer than in continental Antarctica but shorter than in the more northern Antarctic Peninsula. Light intensity when hydrated was positively related to the length of the active period. High activity species were strongly coupled to the incident light whilst low activity species were active under lower light levels and essentially uncoupled from incident light. Temperatures were little different between sites and also almost identical to temperatures, when active, for lichens in continental and peninsular Antarctica. Gradients in vegetation cover and growth rates across Antarctica are, therefore, not likely to be due to differences in temperature but more likely to the length of the hydrated (active) period. The strong effect on activity of the mode of hydration and the life form, plus the uncoupling from incident light for less active species, all make modelling of vegetation change with climate a more difficult exercise.

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Acknowledgments

B.S. and M.S. gratefully acknowledge financial support by Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (DFG SCHR 473/4-3). R.I.L. Smith, Cambridge, UK, is thanked for introduction to the field site at Leonie Island. Logistical and technical support was kindly provided by British Antarctic Survey (Cambridge, UK). Pete Convey, Cambridge, UK, is thanked for critical comments which substantially improved the manuscript. Magdalena Biszczuk, British Antarctic Survey Mapping and Geographic Information Centre, is thanked for preparing the map. T.G.A.G. was supported by Ramon y Cajal Fellowship at Vegetal II, Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain, and by FRST grant—Understanding, valuing and protecting Antarctica’s unique terrestrial ecosystems: Predicting biocomplexity in Dry Valley ecosystems, during the writing of this paper. All required permits for field work and plant experimentation were obtained from the appropriate Antarctic authorities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Botanical Institute, University of Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany

    Mark Schlensog & Burkhard Schroeter

  2. Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand

    T. G. Allan Green

  3. Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24098, Kiel, Germany

    Burkhard Schroeter

  4. Vegetal II, Farmacia Facultad, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain

    T. G. Allan Green

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  1. Mark Schlensog
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Correspondence to Burkhard Schroeter.

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Communicated by Hermann Heilmeier.

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Schlensog, M., Green, T.G.A. & Schroeter, B. Life form and water source interact to determine active time and environment in cryptogams: an example from the maritime Antarctic. Oecologia 173, 59–72 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2608-9

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