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Enriched continental flood basalts from depleted mantle melts: modeling the lithospheric contamination of Karoo lavas from Antarctica

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Abstract

Continental flood basalts (CFBs) represent large-scale melting events in the Earth’s upper mantle and show considerable geochemical heterogeneity that is typically linked to substantial contribution from underlying continental lithosphere. Large-scale partial melting of the cold subcontinental lithospheric mantle and the large amounts of crustal contamination suggested by traditional binary mixing or assimilation-fractional crystallization models are difficult to reconcile with the thermal and compositional characteristics of continental lithosphere, however. The well-exposed CFBs of Vestfjella, western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, belong to the Jurassic Karoo large igneous province and provide a prime locality to quantify mass contributions of lithospheric and sublithospheric sources for two reasons: (1) recently discovered CFB dikes show isotopic characteristics akin to mid-ocean ridge basalts, and thus help to constrain asthenospheric parental melt compositions and (2) the well-exposed basaltic lavas have been divided into four different geochemical magma types that exhibit considerable trace element and radiogenic isotope heterogeneity (e.g., initial ε Nd from −16 to +2 at 180 Ma). We simulate the geochemical evolution of Vestfjella CFBs using (1) energy-constrained assimilation-fractional crystallization equations that account for heating and partial melting of crustal wall rock and (2) assimilation-fractional crystallization equations for lithospheric mantle contamination by using highly alkaline continental volcanic rocks (i.e., partial melts of mantle lithosphere) as contaminants. Calculations indicate that the different magma types can be produced by just minor (1–15 wt%) contamination of asthenospheric parental magmas by melts from variable lithospheric reservoirs. Our models imply that the role of continental lithosphere as a CFB source component or contaminant may have been overestimated in many cases. Thus, CFBs may represent major juvenile crustal growth events rather than just recycling of old lithospheric materials.

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Notes

  1. Here, and hereafter, ε Nd(t) refers to the value calculated at 180 Ma, unless otherwise mentioned.

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Acknowledgments

We greatly appreciate the comments of an anonymous reviewer and Fred Jourdan, and the editorial handling of the manuscript by Timothy Grove. We are especially grateful to the anonymous reviewer for pointing out the work of Harmer (1999) on alkaline rocks in southern Africa and for suggesting better ways for quantitative evaluation of the models. In addition, comments by J. Brendan Murphy, Andrew Kerr, Bill Leeman, and an anonymous reviewer on an earlier draft of the manuscript are appreciated and helped us to provide a more detailed treatment on the subject. Aku Heinonen and David Whipp are also thanked for out-of-the-box comments and suggestions that improved the manuscript. Frank Spera is acknowledged for general support of the collaboration that resulted in writing this manuscript. Some of the diagrams have been produced with the help of the GCDkit software (Janoušek et al. 2006). Our research is funded by the Academy of Finland (Grant No. 252652).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Jussi S. Heinonen

  2. Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 44, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Jussi S. Heinonen & Arto V. Luttinen

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, 98926, USA

    Wendy A. Bohrson

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  1. Jussi S. Heinonen
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  2. Arto V. Luttinen
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  3. Wendy A. Bohrson
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Correspondence to Jussi S. Heinonen.

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Communicated by Timothy L. Grove.

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Heinonen, J.S., Luttinen, A.V. & Bohrson, W.A. Enriched continental flood basalts from depleted mantle melts: modeling the lithospheric contamination of Karoo lavas from Antarctica. Contrib Mineral Petrol 171, 9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-015-1214-8

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