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Nutrient patterns and their relation to general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults: findings from the SEPAHAN study

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Abstract

Background

Few studies have linked major dietary nutrient patterns to chronic diseases. Despite the growing evidence of associations between dietary patterns and obesity, we are aware of no study that examined the association between patterns of nutrient intake and obesity.

Objective

To identify major nutrient patterns in Iranian adults and investigate their association with general and abdominal obesity.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study that was conducted under the framework of the Study on the Epidemiology of Psychological Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN), dietary data were collected using a validated dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 8691 subjects aged 18–55 years. Complete data of 6724 and 5203 adults were available for general and abdominal obesity, respectively. Data on anthropometric measures were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, and abdominal obesity as waist circumference > 102 cm for men and >88 cm for women. Daily intakes of 38 nutrients and bioactive compounds were calculated for each participant. Factor analysis, followed by a varimax rotation, was applied to derive major nutrient patterns.

Results

Three major nutrient patterns were identified: (1) The first pattern was high in fatty acids (including saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids), cholesterol, vitamin B12, vitamin E, zinc, choline, protein, pyridoxine, phosphorus and pantothenic acid; (2) the second pattern was high in thiamine, betaine, starch, folate, iron, selenium, niacin, calcium, and manganese; and (3) the third pattern was high in glucose, fructose, sucrose, vitamin C, potassium, total dietary fiber, copper and vitamin K. Men in the highest quintile of the second pattern were less likely to be generally obese in the fully adjusted model [odds ratio (OR) 0.39, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.76]. After adjustment for potential confounders, a significant positive association was observed between the third pattern and general obesity among men (OR 1.77, 95 % CI 1.04–3.04), but not women (OR 1.18, 95 % CI 0.74–1.88). No overall association was seen between patterns of nutrient intake and abdominal obesity in both genders.

Conclusion

Major nutrient patterns were significantly associated with general, but not abdominal obesity among male participants of the SEPAHAN study. Further studies in other populations, along with future prospective studies, are required to confirm these findings.

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Abbreviations

NP:

Nutrient pattern

BMI:

Body mass index

WC:

Waist circumference

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

SEPAHAN:

Study on the epidemiology of psychological alimentary health and nutrition

DS-FFQ:

Dish-based Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire

USDA:

United States Department of Agriculture

SFAs:

Saturated fatty acids

MUFAs:

Monounsaturated fatty acids

PUFAs:

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

TFAs:

Trans fatty acids

NCEP:

National Cholesterol Education Program

GPPAQ:

General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire

ANCOVA:

Analysis of covariance

PAI:

Physical activity index

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to participants of SEPAHAN project and authorities of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences for their excellent cooperation. We also appreciate the research council of Food Security Research Center for funding this project.

Conflict of interest

Authors had no personal or financial conflicts of interest to declare.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Amin Salehi-Abargouei, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh & Leila Azadbakht

  2. Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 81745, Isfahan, Iran

    Amin Salehi-Abargouei, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh & Leila Azadbakht

  3. Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

    Amin Salehi-Abargouei

  4. Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli

  5. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Awat Feizi

  6. Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia

    Christine Feinle-Bisset

  7. Integrative Functional Gastroenterology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Awat Feizi & Peyman Adibi

  8. Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Peyman Adibi

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  1. Amin Salehi-Abargouei
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Correspondence to Ahmad Esmaillzadeh.

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Salehi-Abargouei, A., Esmaillzadeh, A., Azadbakht, L. et al. Nutrient patterns and their relation to general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults: findings from the SEPAHAN study. Eur J Nutr 55, 505–518 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0867-4

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