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Late Pliocene to Pleistocene sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet in response to external forcing and internal feedbacks

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Abstract

The timing and nature of ice sheet variations on Greenland over the last ∼5 million years remain largely uncertain. Here, we use a coupled climate-vegetation-ice sheet model to determine the climatic sensitivity of Greenland to combined sets of external forcings and internal feedbacks operating on glacial-interglacial timescales. In particular, we assess the role of atmospheric pCO2, orbital forcing, and vegetation dynamics in modifying thresholds for the onset of glaciation in late Pliocene and Pleistocene. The response of circum-Arctic vegetation to declining levels of pCO2 (from 400 to 200 ppmv) and decreasing summer insolation includes a shift from boreal forest to tundra biomes, with implications for the surface energy balance. The expansion of tundra amplifies summer surface cooling and heat loss from the ground, leading to an expanded summer snow cover over Greenland. Atmospheric and land surface fields respond to forcing most prominently in late spring-summer and are more sensitive at lower Pleistocene-like levels of pCO2. We find cold boreal summer orbits produce favorable conditions for ice sheet growth, however simulated ice sheet extents are highly dependent on both background pCO2 levels and land-surface characteristics. As a result, late Pliocene ice sheet configurations on Greenland differ considerably from late Pleistocene, with smaller ice caps on high elevations of southern and eastern Greenland, even when orbital forcing is favorable for ice sheet growth.

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Acknowledgments

This material is based on work supported by the US National Science Foundation under the award ATM-0513402.

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  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

    Sebastian J. Koenig & Robert M. DeConto

  2. Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 2217 Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg., University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    David Pollard

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Correspondence to Sebastian J. Koenig.

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Koenig, S.J., DeConto, R.M. & Pollard, D. Late Pliocene to Pleistocene sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet in response to external forcing and internal feedbacks. Clim Dyn 37, 1247–1268 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1050-0

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