Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Doping-induced changes in the saturable absorption of monolayer graphene

  • Published:
Applied Physics B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Graphene is a broadband, fast saturable absorber well suited for passive mode-locking of lasers. The broadband absorption, ultra-short recovery time, and low cost of graphene absorbers compare favorably with traditional semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs). However, it remains difficult to tailor the parameters of a monolayer graphene absorber such as the modulation depth and the insertion loss; this limits the absorber’s design freedom, which is often required for mode-locking without Q-switching instability. We demonstrate in this work that, by hole-doping graphene chemically to various Fermi levels, the modulation depth and insertion loss are modified. Further control of graphene’s saturable absorption by electric-field gating and its application to active suppression of Q-switching in lasers is discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. T. Stauber, N.M.R. Peres, A.K. Geim, Phys. Rev. B 78, 085432 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. K.F. Mak, M.Y. Sfeir, Y. Wu, C.H. Lui, J.A. Misewich, T.F. Heinz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 196405 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Shi, X. Dong, P. Chen, J. Wang, L.-J. Li, Phys. Rev. B 79, 115402 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. F. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Tian, C. Girit, A. Zettl, M. Crommie, Y. Ron Shen, Science 320, 206 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. F.T. Vasko, Phys. Rev. B 82, 245422 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. G. Xing, H. Guo, X. Zhang, T.C. Sum, C.H.A. Huan, Opt. Express 18, 4564 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, D. Popa, G. Privitera, F. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, D.M. Basko, A.C. Ferrari, ACS Nano 4, 803 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Z. Ni, Y. Wang, L. Polavarapu, Z. Shen, Q.-H. Xu, D. Tang, K. Loh, Nano Res. 4, 297 (2011). doi:10.1007/s12274-010-0082-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z.X. Shen, K.P. Loh, D.Y. Tang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Q. Bao, H. Zhang, J.-x. Yang, S. Wang, D.Y. Tang, R. Jose, S. Ramakrishna, C.T. Lim, K.P. Loh, Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 782 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. W.D. Tan, C.Y. Su, R.J. Knize, G.Q. Xie, L.J. Li, D.Y. Tang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 031106 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. H. Zhang, Q. Bao, D. Tang, L. Zhao, K. Loh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 141103 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. H. Zhang, D. Tang, R.J. Knize, L. Zhao, Q. Bao, K.P. Loh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 111112 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Zhang, D.Y. Tang, L.M. Zhao, Q.L. Bao, K.P. Loh, Opt. Express 17, 17630 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. W.B. Cho, H.W. Lee, S.Y. Choi, J.W. Kim, D.-I. Yeom, F. Rotermund, J. Kim, B.H. Hong, in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, p. JThE86 (Optical Society of America, Washington, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  16. C.-C. Lee, T.R. Schibli, G. Acosta, J.S. Bunch, J. Nonlinear Opt. Phys. Mater. 19, 767 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S.K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff, Science 324, 1312 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. X. Li, C.W. Magnuson, A. Venugopal, J. An, J.W. Suk, B. Han, M. Borysiak, W. Cai, A. Velamakanni, Y. Zhu, L. Fu, E.M. Vogel, E. Voelkl, L. Colombo, R.S. Ruoff, Nano Lett. 10, 4328 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. M. Lafkioti, B. Krauss, T. Lohmann, U. Zschieschang, H. Klauk, K. v. Klitzing, J.H. Smet, Nano Lett. 10, 1149 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Joshi, H.E. Romero, A.T. Neal, V.K. Toutam, S.A. Tadigadapa, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 22, 334214 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. A. Kasry, M.A. Kuroda, G.J. Martyna, G.S. Tulevski, A.A. Bol, ACS Nano 4, 3839 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos, I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. B. Krauss, T. Lohmann, D.-H. Chae, M. Haluska, K. von Klitzing, J.H. Smet, Phys. Rev. B 79, 165428 (2009)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K.S. Novoselov, S. Roth, A.K. Geim, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 187401 (2006)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S.K. Saha, U.V. Waghmare, K.S. Novoselov, H.R. Krishnamurthy, A.K. Geim, A.C. Ferrari, A.K. Sood, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3, 210 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. J. Yan, Y. Zhang, P. Kim, A. Pinczuk, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 166802 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. X. Dong, D. Fu, W. Fang, Y. Shi, P. Chen, L.-J. Li, Small 5, 1422 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Haiml, R. Grange, U. Keller, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 79, 331 (2004). doi:10.1007/s00340-004-1535-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. J.M. Dawlaty, S. Shivaraman, M. Chandrashekhar, F. Rana, M.G. Spencer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 042116 (2008)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. H. Wang, J.H. Strait, P.A. George, S. Shivaraman, V.B. Shields, M. Chandrashekhar, J. Hwang, F. Rana, M.G. Spencer, C.S. Ruiz-Vargas, J. Park, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 081917 (2010)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Breusing, S. Kuehn, T. Winzer, E. Malić, F. Milde, N. Severin, J.P. Rabe, C. Ropers, A. Knorr, T. Elsaesser, Phys. Rev. B 83, 153410 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. G.P. Agrawal, N.A. Olsson, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 25, 2297 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. T.R. Schibli, E.R. Thoen, F.X. Kartner, E.P. Ippen, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers Opt. 70, S41 (2000). doi:10.1007/s003400000331

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. M. Regmi, M.F. Chisholm, G. Eres, Carbon 50, 134 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. F.X. Kaertner, L.R. Brovelli, D. Kopf, M. Kamp, I.G. Calasso, U. Keller, J. Phys. 34, 2024 (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  36. T.R. Schibli, U. Morgner, F.X. Kärtner, Opt. Lett. 26, 148 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. N. Joly, S. Bielawski, Opt. Lett. 26, 692 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. U. Keller, K.J. Weingarten, F.X. Kartner, D. Kopf, B. Braun, I.D. Jung, R. Fluck, C. Honninger, N. Matuschek, J. Aus der Au, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2, 435 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We deeply appreciate the support from Dr. Kaoru Minoshima, AIST/NMIJ Tsukuba, Japan, who provided us the Er:Yb:glass. We would also like to express our gratitude toward Prof. Markus Raschke for lending us the use of the micro-Raman system and toward Joanna Atkin and Samuel Berweger for lending us their expertise in Raman spectroscopy. This research was supported in part by the NNIN at the Colorado Nanofabrication Laboratory and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. ECS-0335765 and by the Innovative Seed Grant Program at the University of Colorado.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2000 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

    C.-C. Lee, J. M. Miller & T. R. Schibli

Authors
  1. C.-C. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. M. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. R. Schibli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C.-C. Lee.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lee, CC., Miller, J.M. & Schibli, T.R. Doping-induced changes in the saturable absorption of monolayer graphene. Appl. Phys. B 108, 129–135 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-5095-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-5095-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation