Relationships between brood size and parental provisioning performance in chinstrap penguins during the chick guard phase

Abstract

 Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) normally lay two eggs, but brood size is often reduced by mortality during incubation or after hatching. We hypothesized that this variation in brood size would affect the parents’ foraging behavior and their chick provisioning performance. We studied patterns of adult foraging trip duration and frequency, food load delivery, and chick growth rates in relation to brood size during the guard phase in four breeding seasons (1991–1994) on Seal Island, Antarctica. Within a given year, parents with two chicks made more frequent foraging trips to sea and may have transported larger food loads to the nest; however, the duration of foraging trips was unrelated to brood size. Overall, parents with two chicks spent ∼15% more time at sea than parents with only one chick. Both the frequency and duration of foraging trips varied between years. Foraging trip duration may partly reflect the birds’ foraging radius, which probably varies with time in response to shifts in krill distribution. Chick growth rate varied betwen years, but was related to brood size only in 1992, when chicks from two-chick broods grew significantly more slowly than chicks from one-chick broods. Food loads transported to chicks, as well as chick growth rates, were highest in 1994, when concurrent hydroacoustic studies indicated that regional krill biomass was severely depressed. This apparent anomaly suggests that the spatial scale of the krill survey may have been too coarse to detect some high-density krill aggregations within the penguins’ foraging range.