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A new deep-sea hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bering Sea Basin reveals high genetic relevance to Arctic and adjacent shallow-water species

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Abstract

The marine benthic fauna in Arctic shallow-water is reported to be a relatively young assemblage by species of either Pacific or Atlantic affinity. Whether current deep-sea Pacific species are included in the affinity or not is unknown. Combining morphological comparisons and genetic analyses, a new deep-sea hydroid to science, Sertularia xuelongi sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Sertulariidae), is described from the northern margin of the Bering Sea Basin at depths of 800–1570 m collected in 2010. It is characterized by slender and zigzag-shaped hydrocauli, alternately arranged hydrothecae and the absence of distal-lateral horns in fully matured female gonothecae. Its distribution, currently known only from Bering Sea Basin, suggests that it could not be an Arctic species with Pacific affinity. However, phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene show that it is clustered into a distinctive clade with four closely related species recorded from shallow-water of Northwest France, Iceland, Chukchi Sea and/or Bering Sea. In addition, its sequence similarity is highly relevant to these four species: Sertularia argentea (98.6 %), S. cupressina (98.8 %), S. plumosa (98.8 %) and S. robusta (99.4 %). All these provide a new insight into the relevance of North Pacific deep-sea species to the benthic fauna in Arctic and adjacent shallow-water. The taxonomic restriction of the genus Sertularia and the re-validation of the genus Polyserias are discussed. Future researches on more deep-sea species from Pacific and/or Atlantic are required to understand the evolution and speciation pattern involved in polar relevance.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Editor In Chief, Dr. Dieter Piepenburg, and three anonymous reviewers for critical revisions, Dr. Dale Calder (Royal Ontario Museum, Canada) for revision on the contents and language of the manuscript, Drs. Zongze Shao, Zhaobin Huang and Zhuo Li (TIOSOA) for assisting in molecular experiments and analyses, Dr. Chenlin Liu (FIOSOA) for the donation of CHINARE hydroid collections from FIOSOA to MBMCAS, Dr. Emilie Boissin (CRIOBE, University of Perpignan) for personal communication of molecular analyses. Xikun Song wishes to express his sincere thanks to his supervisor Academician Ruiyu Liu (1922–2012), to Zefeng Xiao (Liaocheng University), Nan Yu, Xiongxiong Sun, Rongrong Gao (Ocean University of China), Gaoyang Li (Xiamen University) and other members of his Queen Team. This work was supported by the extended PhD scholarship from Institute of Oceanology, CAS to Xikun Song, the Project of Chinese Polar Scientific Research under Grant No. CHINARE 2012–2015 from Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration, Resource-sharing Platform of Polar Samples (http://birds.chinare.org.cn) maintained by Polar Research Institute of China(PRIC) and Chinese National Arctic & Antarctic Data Center(CN-NADC), the Polar Science Strategic Research Foundation of China under contract No. 20140309, the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs (CHINARE 2011-2015, CHINARE 2014-03-05), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 41306115 and 41306116. This is the Queen Team scientific research report QT02.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, and Marine Biological Museum, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Xikun Song, Yongqiang Wang & Shaoqing Wang

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Xikun Song

  3. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy

    Cinzia Gravili

  4. Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 178 Daxue Road, 361005, Xiamen, China

    Jianjun Wang, Heshan Lin & Junhui Lin

  5. Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China

    Yacheng Deng, Lu Fang & Yiting Zheng

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  1. Xikun Song
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  2. Cinzia Gravili
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  10. Junhui Lin
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Correspondence to Xikun Song or Jianjun Wang.

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Song, X., Gravili, C., Wang, J. et al. A new deep-sea hydroid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bering Sea Basin reveals high genetic relevance to Arctic and adjacent shallow-water species. Polar Biol 39, 461–471 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1793-x

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