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The complete history of salmonid introductions in the Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean

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Abstract

Since the early 1950s, several species of salmonids have been introduced more or less successfully in the Kerguelen Islands, a 7,215 km² archipelago located in the Southern Ocean (49°S, 70°E) and previously devoid of any freshwater fish. The aim of this work was to establish a documented chronicle of these events from available archives, to better understand the causes of the colonization failure or success for the different species. The history that emerged from the analysis of the archives appeared much more complex than previously published. Stocks of various origins were used, and numerous attempts were made at different sites involving variable numbers of fish released at different life stages. Between 1951 and 1991, 22 importation attempts took place, involving about 2 million individuals. Of the 8 species introduced (Salmo trutta, S. salar, Oncorhynchus mykiss, O. tshawytscha, O. kisutch, Salvelinus namaycush, S. fontinalis and S. alpinus), only 3 failed to establish local populations (O. mykiss, O. tshawytscha and S. namaycush). Overall, 23 watersheds were stocked. At present, 45 watersheds are colonized by one or several species. S. trutta, S. fontinalis, S. alpinus and O. kisutch were capable of migrating toward new habitats. The brown trout (S. trutta) was the only species to colonize a large number of watersheds (32 in about 10 generations). Its success can be explained by the diversity of origins, the number and importance of introduction and transfer attempts, the diversity of release sites and the peculiarities of its life cycle.

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Notes

  1. Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (French Southern and Antarctic Territories).

  2. Director of the “station d'Hydrobiologie Continentale” in Biarritz, France.

  3. IFRTP: Institut Français de Recherche et de Technologie Polaires; IPEV: Institut Polaire Paul-Emile Victor.

  4. Differs from the domestic stock dedicated to production of fish for consumption, “Salmo domesticus” (Gross 1998).

  5. Hybridization is possible with brown trout as the maternal species (MacGowan and Davidson 1992; Hartley 1996; Jansson and Ost 1997; Gephard et al. 2000) or Atlantic salmon (Youngson et al. 1993; Garcia–Vazquez et al. 2001). The possibility of returning to the maternal species for allotriploid hybrids has been demonstrated for Atlantic salmon (Castillo et al. 2007).

  6. The Slupia strain was introduced on the Jeanne d’Arc Peninsula (Acaena River) and on Courbet (Port-aux-Français), Online Resource 2b, import # 13.

  7. The only mature females in a lot of 1,000–2,000 individuals; artificial spawning on November 12, 1954, fertilization by an unknown number of males.

  8. Val Travers, Studer, Nord, Château, Ferme, Borgne, Sud, Américains, Korrigans, Grisanche, Fougères, Armor, Bourcart, Neiges, Acaena, Phonolite, Levant, Clarée-Hermance.

  9. Including streams inaccessible from the sea (Gorfous 3 and 6, Otaries, Gave de l’Azorella), but not including basins never sampled and inaccessible (Alster, Cap Challenger…).

  10. See Galliot 1996, Online Resource 1.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the support (funding, logistics, travel) provided by the TAAF administration (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises-Mission de Recherche) and by the Polar Institute (IPEV, Institut Polaire Paul-Emile Victor, formerly IFRTP, Institut Français de Recherche et de Technologie Polaire) over all these years and their staff in Paris, La Réunion and Brest, France. Frédéric Lecomte was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship from the EFPA Department of INRA. The fieldwork would not have been possible without the help and support of the logistics team (Alain Lamalle, Roland Pagni, Henri Pérau, Romuald Bellec, Yann Lemeur, Nina Marchand…). We are indebted to the numerous people who participated in the field sampling with the Hydrobiology team and to all the fishermen who provided data (scales, morphometrics) and other information on the fish captured. We thank Julian J. Dodson and Jacques Labonne for reviewing a first draft of the paper, and Matthias Vignon for producing the figure.

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  1. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR ECOBIOP, INRA/UPPA, Pôle d’Hydrobiologie, Quartier Ibarron, 64310, Saint Pée sur Nivelle, France

    Frédéric Lecomte, Edward Beall, Joëlle Chat, Patrick Davaine & Philippe Gaudin

  2. Direction de la Faune Aquatique, Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, 880 Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, G1S 4X4, Canada

    Frédéric Lecomte

  3. Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 de l’Université, Chicoutimi, G7H 2B1, Canada

    Frédéric Lecomte

  4. Univ Pau & Pays Adour, UMR ECOBIOP, INRA/UPPA, UFR Côte Basque, Allée du Parc Montaury, 64600, Anglet, France

    Edward Beall, Joëlle Chat, Patrick Davaine & Philippe Gaudin

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  1. Frédéric Lecomte
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Correspondence to Frédéric Lecomte.

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Lecomte, F., Beall, E., Chat, J. et al. The complete history of salmonid introductions in the Kerguelen Islands, Southern Ocean. Polar Biol 36, 457–475 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-012-1281-5

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