Abstract
Background
Patients who undergo surgery may develop ulnar neuropathy. Although the mechanism of ulnar neuropathy is still not clear, ulnar neuropathies are common causes of successful lawsuits against surgeons. Recently, the concept developed that endogenous patient factors can lead to postoperative peripheral neuropathies. We hypothesize that dynamic ulnar nerve dislocation at the elbow (DUNDE) may be a predisposing factor for ulnar irritation (i.e. neuropathy) in normal subjects.
Methods
In a prospective investigation, patients aged 20 years and older presenting in our emergency department were asked to participate. Three physicians examined both elbows of subjects included in our study for evidence of DUNDE (through clinical and sonographic examination) and for clinical symptoms related to ulnar neuropathy.
Results
Dynamic ulnar nerve dislocation was observed in 29.3 % of examined subjects. No significant difference in its occurrence was observed in relation to gender or dominant side. Physical examination with provocation tests demonstrated significantly more positive Tinel tests and spontaneous signs of neuropathy in patients with dynamic dislocating ulnar nerves (14.7 vs. 1.1 %).
Conclusion
Dynamic ulnar nerve dislocation may be linked to ulnar nerve irritability (i.e. ulnar neuropathy) in normal subjects without history of trauma, surgical procedure, or anesthesia. Considering the high incidence of this variant in the general population, our study supports previous investigations suggesting that many postoperative ulnar nerve deficits are traceable to chronic patient conditions. Our study suggests that dynamic ulnar nerve dislocation is a predisposing factor in the development of ulnar neuropathy in the postoperative period.
Notes
(1) neuropathy should be viewed as a broad definition as signs of nerve irritation/inflammation, and independently of the pathophysiology and etiology; (2) because no specific term exists in the international anatomic nomenclature (Nomina Anatomica) to designate this variant, several synonyms have been used in the literature, leading to confusion and misleading conclusions concerning its traumatic etiologies and their consequences: (a) recurrent or habitual ulnar nerve luxation (or subluxation) [1–3]; (b) recurrent or habitual ulnar nerve dislocation [4–7]; (c) ulnar nerve instability [8]; (d) laxity of the ulnar nerve [9]; and (e) ulnar nerve hypermobility [10].
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvine FG, Schurrer ME (1987) Postoperative ulnar-nerve palsy: are there predisposing factors? J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:255–259
Perreault L, Drolet P, Farney J (1992) Ulnar nerve palsy at the elbow after general anesthesia. Can J Anaesth 39:499–503
Stoelting RK (1993) Postoperative ulnar nerve palsy: is it a preventable complication? Anesth Analg 76:7–9
Kroll DA, Caplan RA, Posner K et al (1990) Nerve injury associated with anesthesia. Anesthesiology 73:202–207
Warner MA, Warner ME, Martin JT (1994) Ulnar neuropathy: incidence, outcome, and risk factors in sedated or anesthetized patients. Anesthesiology 81:1332–1340
Cheney FW, Domino KB, Caplan RA et al (1999) Nerve injury associated with anesthesia. Anesthesiology 90:1062–1069
Britt BA, Gordon RA (1964) Peripheral nerve injuries associated with anesthesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 11:514–536
Dornette WHL (1986) Compression neuropathies: medical aspects and legal implications. Int Anesthesiol Clin 24:201–209
Warner MA (1998) Perioperative neuropathies. Mayo Clin Proc 73:567–574
Warner MA, Warner DO, Harper CM et al (2000) Ulnar neuropathy in medical patients. Anesthesiology 92:613–615
Staff NP, Engelstad J, Klein CJ et al (2010) Post-surgical inflammatory neuropathy. Brain 133:2866–2880
Poirier P (1896) Traité d’anatomie humaine, vol 1, 2nd edn. Masson, Paris
Contreras MG, Warner MA, Charboneau WJ et al (1998) Anatomy of the ulnar nerves at the elbow: potential relationship of acute ulnar neuropathy to gender differences. Clin Anat 11:372–378
Blattmann A (1851) Beobachtung einer Dislokation des N. ulnaris. Dtsch Klin 435–437
Childress HM (1956) Recurrent ulnar-nerve dislocation at the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am 38A:978–984
Childress HM (1975) Recurrent ulnar-nerve dislocation at the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res 108:168–173
Arkin AM (1940) Habitual luxation of the ulnar nerve. J Mt Sinai Hosp NY 7:208–216
Apfelberg DB, Larson SJ (1973) Dynamic anatomy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Plast Reconstr Surg 51:76–81
Novak CB, Mehdian H, von Schroeder HP (2012) Luxation of the ulnar nerve during elbow flexion and extension. J Hand Surg Am 37:1163–1167
Scott M (1969) Tinel’s percussion test. JAMA 209:2056
Novak CB, Lee GW, Mackinnon SE et al (1994) Provocative testing for cubital tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 19:817–820
Jaung R, Cook P, Blyth P (2011) A comparison of embalming fluids for use in surgical workshops. Clin Anat 24:155–161
Eisma R, Mahendran S, Majumdar S et al (2011) A comparison of Thiel and formalin embalmed cadavers for thyroid surgery training. Surgeon 9:142–146
Calfee RP, Manske PR, Gelberman RH et al (2010) Clinical assessment of the ulnar nerve at the elbow: reliability of instability testing and the association of hypermobility with clinical symptoms. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:2801–2808
Richard MJ, Messmer C, Wray WH et al (2010) Management of subluxating ulnar nerve at the elbow. Orthopedics 33:672
Grechenig W, Mayr J, Peicha G et al (2003) Subluxation of the ulnar nerve in the elbow region-ultrasonographic evaluation. Acta Radiol 44:662–664
Stahl S, Kaufman T (1997) Ulnar nerve injury at the elbow after steroid injection for medial epicondylitis. J Hand Surg Br 22:69–70
Spinner RJ, Goldner RD (1998) Snapping of the medial head of the triceps and recurrent dislocation of the ulnar nerve: anatomical and dynamic factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80:239–247
Rayan GM (1990) Recurrent anterior dislocation of the ulnar nerve at the cubital tunnel. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:773–775
Le Minor JM, Benmekhbi M, Thibaud A et al (2012) Subluxation of the ulnar nerve during elbow flexion: a dynamic normal variant. Société anatomique de Paris (Anatomical Society of Paris), 30th Nov 2012 session
Xarchas KC, Psillakis I, Koukou O et al (2007) Ulnar nerve dislocation at the elbow: review of the literature and report of three cases. Open Orthop J 1:1–3
Unrein HD (1966) On the luxation of the ulnar nerve. Dtsch Gesundheitsw 21:680–682
Hauser G, De Stefano GF (1989) Epigenetic variants of the human skull. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Warner MA, Warner DO, Matsumoto JY et al (1999) Ulnar neuropathy in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 90:54–59
Jacobson JA, Jebson PJ, Jeffers AW et al (2001) Ulnar nerve dislocation and snapping triceps syndrome: diagnosis with dynamic sonography: report of three cases. Radiology 220:601–605
Beekman R, Visser LH, Verhagen WI (2011) Ultrasonography in ulnar neuropathy at the elbow: a critical review. Muscle Nerve 43:627–635
Acknowledgments
The authors want to thank the following institutions for assistance in the present investigation: Department of Surgery, Uniklinikum Freiburg (Germany); Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg (Germany). This work was accepted for oral presentation (Surgical Forum SF 18) at the 2013 ACS Clinical Congress in Washington.
Disclosure of Financial Interests and Potential Conflicts of Interest
Drs Billmann, Bokor-Billmann, Burnett, Lapshyn, Hopt, and Kiffner reported no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Billmann, F.G., Bokor-Billmann, T.T., Burnett, C.A. et al. Postoperative Ulnar Neuropathy is not Necessarily Iatrogenic: a Prospective Study on Dynamic Ulnar Nerve Dislocation at the Elbow. World J Surg 38, 1978–1983 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-014-2508-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-014-2508-0