Abstract
Purpose
The deltopectoral approach is a common surgical procedure for shoulder arthroplasty. Many surgeons are familiar with this procedure, but certain steps are still controversial. This is the case for the management of subscapularis, where surgeons must choose between tenotomy and the lesser tuberosity osteotomy.
Methods
This article is conceived as a toolkit for the inexperienced surgeons, describing our tips and tricks to facilitate final exposure of the glenoid. For experienced surgeons, we analysed the tricky portions of the deltopectoral approach, comparing them with what is classically reported in the literature.
Results
We describe an original technic for subscapularis reattachment after lesser tuberosity osteotomy in order to improve its stability. The medial part of the fragment is secondarily sculpted to obtain a step shape, which will be applied against the base of the prosthetic cup in a sort of “corner buttress”.
Conclusions
Our work, based on our personal experience, confirms that there is no preferred single deltopectoral approach but, rather, multiple options. When embarking on this “shoulder highway”, we encourage surgeons to respect the successive anatomic planes, which we believe is the only way to ensure easy and atraumatic dissection.
Key points
- The safe plane for going around the humeral head and positioning retractors is the plane of the subacromial deltoid bursa.
- Always stay close to the bone during capsule release, whether on the humeral or glenoid side.
- Never go medially to the conjoint tendon or its deep face.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chandler JW, Williams GR Jr (2011) Surgical approach and techniques for total shoulder arthroplasty: tips and tricks. Instr Course Lect 60:91–97
Bush CA, Hawkins RJ (2013) Prevention of complications in shoulder arthroplasty: understanding options and critical steps. Instr Course Lect 62:115–133
Cooper DE, O’Brien SJ, Warren RF (1993) Supporting layers of the glenohumeral joint. An anatomic study. Clin Orthop 289:144–155
Chin PY, Sperling JW, Cofield RH, Schleck C (2006) Complications of total shoulder arthroplasty: are they fewer or different? J Shoulder Elb Surg 15:19–22
Ibarra C, Craig EV (1998) Soft-tissue balancing in total shoulder arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am 29(3):415–422
Sperling JW, Kozak TK, Hanssen AD, Cofield RH (2001) Infection after shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 382:206–216
Patel A, Calfee RP, Plante M, Fischer SA, Green A (2009) Propionibacterium acnes colonization of the human shoulder. J Shoulder Elb Surg 18(6):897–902. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.01.023
Dumville JC, McFarlane E, Edwards P, Lipp A, Holmes A (2013) Preoperative skin antiseptics for preventing surgical wound infections after clean surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD003949. doi:10.1002/14651858
Loukas M, Myers CS, Wartmann CT et al (2008) The clinical anatomy of the cephalic vein in the deltopectoral triangle. Folia Morphol 67(1):72–77
Radkowski CA, Richards RS, Pietrobon R, Moorman CT 3rd (2006) An anatomic study of the cephalic vein in the deltopectoral shoulder approach. Clin Orthop 442:139–142
Apaydin N, Uz A, Bozkurt M, Elhan A (2007) The anatomic relationships of the axillary nerve and surgical landmarks for its localization from the anterior aspect of the shoulder. Clin Anat N Y 20(3):273–277. doi:10.1002/ca.20361
Fama G, Edwards TB, Boulahia A et al (2004) The role of concomitant biceps tenodesis in shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis: results of a multicentric study. Orthopedics 27(4):401–405
Cleeman E, Brunelli M, Gothelf T, Hayes P, Flatow EL (2003) Releases of subscapularis contracture: an anatomic and clinical study. J Shoulder Elb Surg 12(3):231–236. doi:10.1016/mse.2003.S1058274602000356
Moeckel BH, Altchek DW, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL, Dines DM (1993) Instability of the shoulder after arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75(4):492–497
Miller SL, Hazrati Y, Klepps S, Chiang A, Flatow EL (2003) Loss of subscapularis function after total shoulder replacement: a seldom recognized problem. J Shoulder Elb Surg 12(1):29–34. doi:10.1067/mse.2003.128195
Edwards TB, Boulahia A, Kempf J-F, Boileau P, Nemoz C, Walch G (2002) The influence of rotator cuff disease on the results of shoulder arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis: results of a multicenter study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A(12):2240–2248
Gerber C, Yian EH, Pfirrmann CAW, Zumstein MA, Werner CML (2005) Subscapularis muscle function and structure after total shoulder replacement with lesser tuberosity osteotomy and repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(8):1739–1745. doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02788
Wirth MA, Rockwood CA Jr (1996) Complications of total shoulder-replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78(4):603–616
Miller BS, Joseph TA, Noonan TJ, Horan MP, Hawkins RJ (2005) Rupture of the subscapularis tendon after shoulder arthroplasty: diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. J Shoulder Elb Surg 14(5):492–496. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.02.013
Ahmad CS, Wing D, Gardner TR, Levine WN, Bigliani LU (2007) Biomechanical evaluation of subscapularis repair used during shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 16(3 Suppl):S59–S64. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2006.09.002
Van den Berghe GR, Nguyen B, Patil S et al (2008) A biomechanical evaluation of three surgical techniques for subscapularis repair. J Shoulder Elb Surg 17(1):156–161. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2007.04.016
Van Thiel GS, Wang VM, Wang F-C et al (2010) Biomechanical similarities among subscapularis repairs after shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 19(5):657–663. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2010.01.014
Caplan JL, Whitfield B, Neviaser RJV (2009) Subscapularis function after primary tendon to tendon repair in patients after replacement arthroplasty of the shoulder. J Shoulder Elb Surg 18(2):193–196. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2008.10.019
Scheibel M, Habermeyer P (2008) Subscapularis dysfunction following anterior surgical approaches to the shoulder. J Shoulder Elb Surg 17(4):671–683. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2007.11.005
Liem D, Kleeschulte K, Dedy N, Schulte TL, Steinbeck J, Marquardt B (2012) Subscapularis function after transosseous repair in shoulder arthroplasty: transosseous subscapularis repair in shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 21(10):1322–1327. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.09.022
Armstrong A, Lashgari C, Teefey S, Menendez J, Yamaguchi K, Galatz LM (2006) Ultrasound evaluation and clinical correlation of subscapularis repair after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 15(5):541–548. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.09.013
Gerber C, Pennington SD, Yian EH, Pfirrmann CAW, Werner CML, Zumstein MA (2006) Lesser tuberosity osteotomy for total shoulder arthroplasty. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(Suppl 1 Pt 2):170–177. doi:10.2106/JBJS.F.00407
Ponce BA, Ahluwalia RS, Mazzocca AD, Gobezie RG, Warner JJP, Millett PJ (2005) Biomechanical and clinical evaluation of a novel lesser tuberosity repair technique in total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87(Suppl 2):1–8. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00441
Dugas JR, Campbell DA, Warren RF, Robie BH, Millett PJ (2002) Anatomy and dimensions of rotator cuff insertions. J Should Elb Surg Am 11(5):498–503
Krishnan SG, Stewart DG, Reineck JR, Lin KC, Buzzell JE, Burkhead WZ (2009) Subscapularis repair after shoulder arthroplasty: biomechanical and clinical validation of a novel technique. J Shoulder Elb Surg 18(2):184–192. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2008.09.009, discussion 197–198
Scalise JJ, Ciccone J, Iannotti JP (2010) Clinical, radiographic, and ultrasonographic comparison of subscapularis tenotomy and lesser tuberosity osteotomy for total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92(7):1627–1634. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.01461
Jandhyala S, Unnithan A, Hughes S, Hong T (2011) Subscapularis tenotomy versus lesser tuberosity osteotomy during total shoulder replacement: a comparison of patient outcomes. J Shoulder Elb Surg 20(7):1102–1107. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2011.03.019
Lapner PLC, Sabri E, Rakhra K, Bell K, Athwal GS (2012) Comparison of lesser tuberosity osteotomy to subscapularis peel in shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 94(24):2239–2246. doi:10.2106/JBJS.K.01365
Lapner PLC, Sabri E, Rakhra K, Bell K, Athwal GS (2013) Healing rates and subscapularis fatty infiltration after lesser tuberosity osteotomy versus subscapularis peel for exposure during shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elb Surg 22(3):396–402. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2012.05.031
Price MR, Tillett ED, Acland RD, Nettleton GS (2004) Determining the relationship of the axillary nerve to the shoulder joint capsule from an arthroscopic perspective. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(10):2135–2142
Harryman DT 2nd, Sidles JA, Harris SL, Matsen FA 3rd (1992) The role of the rotator interval capsule in passive motion and stability of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 74(1):53–66
Edelson JG, Taitz C, Grishkan A (1991) The coracohumeral ligament. Anatomy of a substantial but neglected structure. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 73(1):150–153
Yamamoto N, Itoi E, Tuoheti Y et al (2006) Effect of rotator interval closure on glenohumeral stability and motion: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elb Surg 15(6):750–758. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2005.12.009
Arai R, Mochizuki T, Yamaguchi K et al (2010) Functional anatomy of the superior glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments and the subscapularis tendon in view of stabilization of the long head of the biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elb Surg 19(1):58–64. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2009.04.001
Mologne TS, Zhao K, Hongo M, Romeo AA, An K-N, Provencher MT (2008) The addition of rotator interval closure after arthroscopic repair of either anterior or posterior shoulder instability: effect on glenohumeral translation and range of motion. Am J Sports Med 36(6):1123–1131. doi:10.1177/0363546508314391
Boardman ND 3rd, Cofield RH (1999) Neurologic complications of shoulder surgery. Clin Orthop 368:44–53
McFarland EG, Caicedo JC, Guitterez MI, Sherbondy PS, Kim TK (2001) The anatomic relationship of the brachial plexus and axillary artery to the glenoid. Implications for anterior shoulder surgery. Am J Sports Med 29(6):729–733
Nassar JA, Wirth MA, Burkhart SS, Schenck RC Jr (1997) Morphology of the axillary nerve in an anteroinferior shoulder arthroscopy portal. Arthrosc J 13(5):600–605
Tubbs RS, Oakes WJ, Blount JP, Elton S, Salter G, Grabb PA (2001) Surgical landmarks for the proximal portion of the axillary nerve. J Neurosurg 95(6):998–1000. doi:10.3171/jns.2001.95.6.0998
Yung SW, Lazarus MD, Harryman DT 2nd (1996) Practical guidelines to safe surgery about the subscapularis. J Shoulder Elb Surg 5(6):467–470
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gadea, F., Bouju, Y., Berhouet, J. et al. Deltopectoral approach for shoulder arthroplasty: anatomic basis. International Orthopaedics (SICOT) 39, 215–225 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-014-2654-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-014-2654-x