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Aquatic Microbial Habitats Within a Neotropical Rainforest: Bromeliads and pH-Associated Trends in Bacterial Diversity and Composition

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Abstract

Tank-forming bromeliads, suspended in the rainforest canopy, possess foliage arranged in compact rosettes capable of long-term retention of rainwater. This large and unique aquatic habitat is inhabited by microorganisms involved in the important decomposition of impounded material. Moreover, these communities are likely influenced by environmental factors such as pH, oxygen, and light. Bacterial community composition and diversity was determined for the tanks of several bromeliad species (Aechmea and Werauhia) from northern Costa Rica, which span a range of parameters, including tank morphology and pH. These were compared with a nearby forest soil sample, an artificial tank (amber bottle), and a commercially available species (Aechmea). Bacterial community diversity, as measured by 16S rRNA analysis and tRFLP, showed a significant positive correlation with tank pH. A majority of 16S rRNA bacterial phylotypes found in association with acidic bromeliad tanks of pH < 5.1 were affiliated with the Alphaproteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes, and were similar to those found in acidic peat bogs, yet distinct from the underlying soil community. In contrast, bromeliads with tank pH > 5.3, including the commercial bromeliad with the highest pH (6.7), were dominated by Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. To empirically determine the effect of pH on bacterial community, the tank pH of a specimen of Aechmea was depressed, in the field, from 6.5 to 4.5, for 62 days. The resulting community changed predictably with decreased abundance of Betaproteobacteria and Firmicutes and a concomitant increase in Alphaproteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Collectively, these results suggest that bromeliad tanks provide important habitats for a diverse microbial community, distinct from the surrounding environment, which are influenced greatly by acid–base conditions. Additionally, total organic carbon (∼46%) and nitrogen (∼2%) of bromeliad-impounded sediment was elevated relative to soil and gene surveys confirmed the presence of both chitinases and nitrogenases, suggesting that bromeliad tanks may provide important habitats for microbes involved in the biological cycling of carbon and nitrogen in tropical forests.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Gretchen North for invaluable scientific advice with regard to plant biology and as co-investigator on the bromeliad project overall; Dr. Beth Braker, for introducing us to the wonders of the rainforest; Bernal Matarrita, among others, for his laboratory support at La Selva; Dr. Deedra McClearn and members of the Organization for Tropical Studies for their support of this project; Dr. Victoria Orphan for use of the DNA sequencing facilities at the California Institute of Technology; Occidental College undergraduates involved in the Spring 2010 semester of Microbial Diversity (Bio325); Pamela Imperiale-Hagerman for laboratory assistance and data collection, and, finally, B. Harrison for help and interpretation of the dataset with PC-ORD. Funding for this project included, in part, a NSF grant to B. Braker (Occidental College, OISE-0526551), a HHMI grant to Occidental College, as well as the Undergraduate Research Center (Academic Student and Summer Research Projects), and a Faculty Enrichment grant from Occidental College.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Shana K. Goffredi, Adam H. Kantor & Walter T. Woodside

  2. Biology Department, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Rd, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA

    Shana K. Goffredi

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  1. Shana K. Goffredi
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Correspondence to Shana K. Goffredi.

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Goffredi, S.K., Kantor, A.H. & Woodside, W.T. Aquatic Microbial Habitats Within a Neotropical Rainforest: Bromeliads and pH-Associated Trends in Bacterial Diversity and Composition. Microb Ecol 61, 529–542 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-010-9781-8

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