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Multimodale Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms

Multimodal treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

  • Schwerpunkt: Lebertumoren
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Zusammenfassung

Das hepatozelluläre Karzinom (HCC) ist weltweit einer der häufigsten Tumoren und die Tumorerkrankung mit der zweithöchsten Letalität. Die Behandlung von Patienten mit HCC wird in etwa 80 % der Fälle durch eine zugrunde liegende Leberzirrhose beeinträchtigt. Aufgrund der dadurch eingeschränkten Leberfunktion und der multimodalen Therapien ist die Vorstellung von Patienten mit HCC in einem interdisziplinären Therapiezentrum mit Expertise für Lebererkrankungen obligat. Neben chirurgischen Therapien (Lebertransplantation und Resektion), lokal ablativen Verfahren (unter anderem Radiofrequenz- oder Mikrowellenablation) und lokoregionären Therapieverfahren wie der transarteriellen Chemoembolisation und der selektiven internen Radiotherapie rückt die systemische Therapie zunehmend in den Vordergrund. Nachdem der Multityrosinkinaseinhibitor Sorafenib für eine Dekade die einzige zugelassene Substanz für Patienten mit inoperablem HCC war, sind inzwischen auch die Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren Lenvatinib, Regorafenib und Cabozantinib sowie der Vascular-endothelial-growth-factor(VEGF)-Rezeptor-Antikörper Ramucirumab verfügbar. Mit der Immuntherapie als Monotherapie konnte bislang kein signifikanter Überlebensvorteil erreicht werden, nach aktuellen Daten steht jedoch die Kombination aus Programmed-death-ligand-1(PD-L1)-Inhibition und VEGF-Antikörper-Gabe kurz vor der Zulassung als Erstlinientherapie. Ausgehend von den vielen neuen Substanzen werden aktuell Kombinationen aus systemischen und lokoregionären Therapien sowohl palliativ als auch kurativ untersucht. Die Therapie von Patienten mit HCC ist durch die zunehmende Vielfalt herausfordernder denn je und bedarf einer engen interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit. Für die Optimierung der Therapiesequenz und geeigneter Kombinationstherapien sind weitere klinische Studien erforderlich.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and most lethal cancers worldwide. Treatment of patients with HCC is complicated by the underlying liver disease in up to 80% of all cases. Interdisciplinary and multimodal treatment strategies are essential for successful therapy. Established therapies include surgical interventions (liver transplantation, resection), local ablative therapies (e.g., microwave or radiofrequency ablation), and locoregional therapies (e.g., transarterial chemoembolization [TACE] and selective internal radiotherapy [SIRT/TARE]). Moreover, there are emerging opportunities for systemic therapies. While the multityrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib has been the only agent approved for patients with unresectable HCC for almost a decade, there are now additional systemic treatment options including the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) lenvatinib, regorafenib, and cabozantinib as well as the VEGF-receptor inhibitor ramucirumab. To date, immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapies have failed to show an overall survival benefit, but according to recent data combined immunotherapy/VEGF inhibition has shown superior activity in first-line treatment compared with sorafenib. The advent of numerous novel systemic agents offers a variety of combination opportunities. Combinations of systemic agents with locoregional treatments in palliative and potentially curative settings are currently being investigated. Today, treatment of patients with HCC is more challenging than ever owing to the multiple therapeutic options available, demanding strict multidisciplinary cooperation in the treatment selection process. There is an urgent need for clinical studies in order to further optimize the therapy sequence and to identify efficacious mono- and combination therapies.

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Correspondence to M. M. Kirstein.

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M.M. Kirstein und T.C. Wirth geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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M. Manns, Hannover

T. Wirth, Hannover

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Kirstein, M.M., Wirth, T.C. Multimodale Therapie des hepatozellulären Karzinoms. Internist 61, 164–169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-019-00722-x

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