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Immunosuppressive therapy in virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy

Immunsuppressive Therapie bei virusnegativer lymphozytärer Myokarditis

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Abstract

While there is general agreement on the favorable impact of immunosuppression in eosinophilic, granulomatous, giant cell and lymphocytic myocarditis and with inflammatory myocardial disease associated with connective tissue disorders or with rejection of a transplanted heart, its therapeutic role in the treatment of lymphocytic inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM) is still debated. Previous retrospective studies reported a relevant (≥ 10% left ventricular ejection fraction) clinical benefit in 90% of patients with virus-negative ICM and no cardiac impairment in 85% of patients with virus-positive ICM following immunosuppression. Some studies identified cardiomyocyte HLA up-regulation as an additional indicator of ICM susceptibility to immunosuppressive therapy. Recently in a single-center randomized prospective double-blind trial using a combination of prednisone (1 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks followed by 0.33 mg/kg per day for 5 months) and azathioprine (2 mg/kg per day for 6 months) in addition to supportive treatment in 85 virus-negative ICM patients, a significant improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction and a significant reduction of left ventricular dimensions in 88% of 43 treated patients was reported when compared to 42 patients receiving placebo who showed a cardiac impairment initially in 83% of cases (TIMIC study). These data confirm the efficacy of immunosuppression in virus-negative ICM. The lack of response in 12% of cases suggests that the missing response might be due to the presence of viruses which were not screened for or to mechanisms of damage and inflammation not susceptible to immunosuppression. The recovery of cardiac function in responders to immunosuppression was associated with the inhibition of cardiomyocyte death, an increase of cell proliferation and with newly synthesized contractile material.

Zusammenfassung

Bei eosinophiler, granulomatöser und Riesenzellmyokarditis, bei lymphozytärer Myokarditis im Rahmen von Kollagenerkrankungen oder bei einer Abstoßungsreaktion nach Herztransplantation ist die Verwendung von Immunsuppressiva anerkannt. Bei lymphozytärer Myokarditis war der Einsatz von Immunsuppressiva bisher umstritten. Retrospektive Studien zeigten eine relevante hämodynamische Verbesserung der Ejektionsfraktion (≥10%) bei 90% der Patienten mit virusnegativer Myokarditis und keine wesentliche Verschlechterung bei bis zu 85% der Patienten mit viruspositiver lymphozytärer Myokarditis. In einigen Studien wurde bei lymphozytärer Myokarditis die vermehrte HLA-Expression als ein Indikator für ein Ansprechen auf Immunsuppressiva gewertet. In unserer vor Kurzem veröffentlichten monozentrischen, doppelt blind randomisierten, prospektiven Untersuchung mit einer Kombination von Prednison (1 mg/kg KG über 4 Wochen, gefolgt von 0,33 mg/kg KG über 5 Monate) und Azathioprin (2 mg/kg KG über 6 Monate) konnte eine signifikante Verbesserung der linksventrikulären Ejektionsfraktion und der linksventrikulären Diameter bei 88% der 43 Patienten nachgewiesen werden (TIMIC-Studie). Dies bestätigt die Wirksamkeit einer immunsuppressiven Therapie bei virusnegativer Myokarditis. Dass 12% der Patienten auf Immunsuppressiva nicht ansprachen, lässt sich möglicherweise durch nicht erfasste Viren bei der Biopsiediagnostik oder durch Pathomechanismen der Entzündung erklären, auf die Immunsuppressiva keinen Einfluss hatten.

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Acknowledgments

The study was supported by the grant RF-2009-1511346 and by the grant RBFR081CCS from the Italian Ministry of health.

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On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no conflicts of interest.

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Frustaci, A., Chimenti, C. Immunosuppressive therapy in virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Herz 37, 854–858 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00059-012-3694-x

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