Abstract
A maxillary fragment with M2–3 from the middle Miocene of Lothidok Hill, northwestern Kenya represents a new species ofProconsul—the typical East African early and middle Miocene hominoid species group. M2 inProconsul (Xenopithecus)hamiltoni sp. nov. is about 50% larger than in Kenyan lower MioceneP. (X.)koruensis. Xenopithecus is revived as a subgenus ofProconsul because its species are less derived than typical species of that genus in having small—unexpanded—trigons, in possessing an M2 with a significantly lower relative length, and in lacking a hypocone and large metacone on M3; however, xenopithecines share with proconsulines welldefined trigon ridges on M1–3, large hypocones on M1–2, greater relative height of M2–3, and crenulated cingula on M1–3 four character complexes derived over those of plesiomorphous East African early and middle MioceneLimnopithecus.
An upper canine from Lothidok Hill represents a second species ofProconsul, P. (Proconsul)major. This identification confirms earlier records of that species from Lothidok.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allbrook, D. &W. W. Bishop, 1963. New fossil hominoid from Uganda.Nature, 197: 1187–1190.
Andrews, P., 1971. Two new fossil primates from the Lower Miocene of Kenya.Nature, 228: 537–540.
Andrews, P. J., 1978. A revision of the Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa.Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)Bull., A30: 85–224.
———— &J. A. H. Van Couvering, 1975. Palaeoenvironments in the East African Miocene. In:Approaches to Primate Biology, Contributions to Primatology, Vol. 5,F. Szalay (ed.), S. Karger, Basel, pp. 62–103.
Baker, B. H., L. A. Williams, J. A. Miller, &F. J. Fitch, 1971. Sequence and geochronology of the Kenya Rift Volcanics.Tectonophysics, 11: 191–215.
Berggren, W. A. &J. A. Van Couvering, 1974. The Late Neogene biostratigraphy, geochronology and paleoclimatology of the last 15 million years in marine and continental sequences.Palaeogeog., Palaeocolim., Palaeoecol., 16: 1–216.
Bishop, W. W., 1963. The later Tertiary and Pleistocene in eastern equatorial Africa. In:African Ecology and Human Evolution,F. C. Howell &F. Bourliere (eds.), Aldine, Chicago, pp. 247–275.
Brandes, G., 1939.Buschi; vom Orang-Saugling zum Backenwulster. Quelle und Meyer, Leipzig.
Clark, W. E. Le Gros, 1952. Report on fossil hominoid material collected by the British-Kenya Miocene Expedition, 1949–1951.Zool. Soc. London, Proc., 122: 273–286, 3 pls.
———— &L. S. B. Leakey, 1950. Diagnoses of East African Miocene Hominoidea.Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., 105: 260–263.
————, & ————, 1951. The Miocene Hominoidea of East Africa.Fossil Mammals of Africa, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), 1: 1–117.
Deraniyagala, P. E. P., 1948. Some scientific results of two vistits to Africa.Spolia Zeylan., 25: 1–42.
Fahlbusch, Volker, 1976. Report on the International Symposium on mammalian stratigraphy of European Tertiary.Neusl. Stratigr., 5: 160–167.
Gingerich, P. D., 1977. Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size inAegyptopithecus andProconsul.Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 47: 395–398.
Hooijer, D. A., 1948. Prehistoric teeth of man and the Orang-Utan from Central Sumatra, with notes on fossil Orang-Utan from Java and southern China.Zool. Meden., 29: 175–301, pl. 1–9.
Hopwood, A. T., 1933a. Miocene primates from British East Africa.Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 10), 11: 96–98.
————, 1933b. Miocene primates from Kenya.Linn. Soc. London, J., 38: 437–464.
Howell, F. C. &F. Bourliere, 1963.African Ecology and Human Evolution. Aldine, Chicago.
Johanson, D. C., 1974. Some metric aspects of the permanent and deciduous dentition of the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus).Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 41: 39–48.
Kronfeld, R., 1954. Development and calcification of the human deciduous and permanent dentition. In:Basic Readings on the Identification of Human Skeletons,T. D. Stewart &M. Trotter (eds.), Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York, pp. 3–10.
Legoux, P., 1966.Determination de l’age dentaire de fossiles de la lignée humaine. Libraire Maloine, Paris.
Madden, C. T., 1972. Miocene mammals, stratigraphy, and environment of Muruarot Hill, Kenya.PaleoBios, 14: 1–12.
————, 1977.Tetralophodon (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) from Subsaharan Africa.Rev. Zool. Afr., 91: 152–160.
Meyer, G. E., 1978. Hyracoidea. In:Evolution of African Mammals,V. J. Maglio &H. B. S. Cooke (eds.), Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 284–314.
Phillips, W., 1949. Africa from Nubia to Turkana.Sci. Monthly, 69: 264–269.
Pilbeam, D. R., 1967. Tertiary Pongidae of East Africa: Evolutionary relationships and taxonomy. Univ. Microfilms, 185 pp., 31 pls.
————, 1969. Tertiary Pongidae of East Africa: Evolutionary relationships and taxonomy.Yale Peabody Mus. Bull., 31: 1–185, pl. 1–3.
————, &S. M. Ibrahim Shah, 1977. New hominoid primates from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and their bearing on hominoid evolution.Nature, 270: 689–695.
Schultz, A. H., 1956. Postembryonic age changes.Primatologia, 1: 887–964.
Siegel, S., 1956.Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill, New York, xviii + 312 pp.
Simons, E. L., 1965. New fossil apes from Egypt and the initial differentiation of the Hominoidea.Nature, 205: 135–139.
———— &D. R. Pilbeam, 1965. Preliminary revision of the Dryopithecinae (Pongidae, Anthropoidea).Folia Primat., 3: 81–152.
Walsh, J. &R. G. Dodson, 1969. Geology of the Northern Turkana.Geol. Sur. Kenya Rept., 82: 1–42, 2 mps.
Whybrow, P. J. &Peter Andrews, 1978. Restoration of the holotype ofProconsul nyanzae.Folia Primat., 30: 115–125.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Madden, C.T. NewProconsul (Xenopithecus) from the Miocene of Kenya. Primates 21, 241–252 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374037
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02374037