Summary
A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the ability to predict sperm-surface antisperm antibodies (ASA) in patients with primary infertility on the basis of semen analysis. In particular, the ability to predict ASA status on the basis of impaired sperm motility was assessed. The clinical and seminal characteristics of 70 consecutive ASA-positive infertility patients detected by routine screening were reviewed. Similar analysis was performed on 128 consecutive patients with infertility who were found on routine screening to be ASA-negative. The association between the presence of ASA and sperm motility, concentration, and clumping was examined using multivariate analysis. Two variables were found to have a significant joint association with the presence of ASAs. Patients with sperm concentrations of >20 million/ml were significantly more likely to be ASA-positive (P=0.002). Second, after adjustment for sperm concentration, patients with lower motilities were significantly more likely to be ASA-positive (P=0.016). Although impaired motility was seen significantly more often in ASA-positive patients, this seminal defect alone should not be used for predictive screening, since 39% of ASA-positive patients had sperm motilities of >60%. Furthermore, when a normal sperm concentration (>20 million/ml) was combined with impaired sperm motility (<60%) as an indication for ASA testing in this population, the result was a sensitivity of only 43%, a specificity of 77%, and positive and negative predictive values of 50% and 77%, respectively. Despite the association between normal sperm concentrations and impaired motility, it appears that the results of semen analysis cannot be used as a sole indication for ASA testing.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman S, McGuire G, Fulgham DL, Alexander NJ (1988) An evaluation of a commercially available assay for the detection of antisperm antibodies. Fertil Steril 49:732–734
Aitken RJ, Parslow JM, Hargreave TB, Hendry WF (1988) Influence of antisperm antibodies on human sperm function. Br J Urol 62:367–373
Alexander NJ (1984) Antibodies to human spermatozoa impede sperm penetration of cervical mucus of hamster eggs. Fertil Steril 41:433–439
Barratt CLR, Havelock LM, Harrison PE, Cooke ID (1989) Antisperm antibodies are more prevalent in men with low sperm motility. Int J Androl 12:110–116
Bronson RA, Cooper GW, Rosenfield DL (1982) Correlation between regional specificity of antisperm antibodies to spermatozoan surface and complement-mediated sperm immobilization. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 2:222–224
Cerasaro M, Valenti M, Massacesi A, Lenzi A, Dondero F (1985) Correlation between the direct IgG Mar test (mixed antiglobulin reaction test) and seminal analysis in men from infertile couples. Fertil Steril 44:390–395
Clarke GN, Elliott PJ, Smaila C (1985) Detection of sperm antibodies in semen using the immunobead test: a survey of 813 consecutive patients. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 7:118–123
Cookson MS, Witt MA (1994) Immunologic aspects of infertility. Adv Urol 7:133–149
DeAlmeida M, Feneux D, Rigaud C, Jounannet P (1985) Steroid therapy for male infertility associated with antisperm antibodies. Results of a small randomized clinical trial. Int J Androl 8:111–117
Dor J, Rudak E, Aitken RJ (1981) Antisperm antibodies: their effect on the process of fertilization studied in vitro. Fertil Steril 35:535–541
Gilbert BR, Witkin SS, Goldstein M (1989) Correlation of sperm-bound immunoglobulins with impaired semen analysis in infertile men with varicoceles. Fertil Steril 52:469–473
Golomb J, Vardinon N, Hommonnai ZT, Braf Z, Yust I (1986) Demonstration of antispermozoal antibodies in varicocele-related infertility with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fertil Steril 45:397–402
Gregoriou O, Vitoratos N, Legakis N, Gregoriou G, Zourlas PA (1989) Detection of sperm-bound antibodies in the male partners of infertile couples using the immunobead test. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 33:235–239
Haas GG, Cines DB, Schreiber AD (1980) Immunologic infertility: identification of patients with antisperm antibody. N Engl J Med 303:722–727
Haas GG (1987) Antibody-mediated causes of infertility. Urol Clin North Am 14:539–550
Haas GG, Schreiber AD, Blasco L (1983) The incidence of sperm-associated immunoglobulin and C3, the third component of complement, in infertile men. Fertil Steril 39:542–547
Hargreave TB, Haxton M, Whitelaw J, Elton R, Chisholm GD (1980) The significance of serum sperm-agglutinating antibodies in men with infertile marriages. Br J Urol 52:566–570
Harrison RG, Lewis-Jones DI, Moreno de Marval MJ, Conally RC (1981) Mechanism of damage to the contralateral testis in rats with an ischaemic testes. Lancet II:723–725
Hellema HW, Rumke P (1978) Sperm autoantibodies as a consequence of vasectomy. Clin Exp Immunol 31:18–29
Hendry HW, Morgan H, Stedronska J (1977) The clinical significance of antisperm antibodies in male subfertility. Br J Urol 49:757–762
Hendry WF (1993) Risk factors for male partner antisperm antibodies (letter). J Urol 150:988
Hendry WF, Treehuba K, Hughes L, Stedronska J, Parslow JM, Wass JA, Besser GM (1986) Cyclic prednisolone therapy for male infertility associated with autoantibodies to spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 45:249–254
Iqbal PK, Adeghe AJ, Hughes Y, Samra JS, Obhari MS, Cuthbert J (1989) Clinical characteristics of subfertile men with antisperm antibodies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 96:107–110
Jarow JP, Sanzone JJ (1992) Risk factors for male partner antisperm antibodies. J Urol 148:1805–1807
Kamada M, Daitoh T, Hasebe H, Irahara M, Yamano S, Mori T (1985) Blocking of human fertilization in vitro by sera with sperm-immobilizing antibodies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 153:328–331
Knudson G, Ross L, Stuhldreher D, Houlihan D, Bruns E, Prins G (1994) Prevalence of sperm bound antibodies in infertile men with varicocele: the effect of varicocele ligation on antibody levels and semen response. J Urol 151:1260–1262
Koskimies AI, Hovatta O (1982) Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and sperm agglutinating antibodies in infertile men treated for cryptorchidism. Arch Androl 8:181–183
Mandelbaum SL, Diamond MP, DeCherney AH (1987) The impact of antisperm antibodies on human infertility. J Urol 138:1–8
Mathur S, Williamson HO, Baker ME, Rust PF, Holtz GL, Fundenburg HH (1984) Sperm motility on postcoital testing correlates with male autoimmunity to sperm. Fertil Steril 41:81–87
Mellinger B, Goldstein M (1987) New areas of research in male infertility. Urol Clin North Am 14:619–632
Menge AC, Beitner O (1989) Interrelationships among semen characteristics, antisperm antibodies, and cervical mucus penetration assays in infertile human couples. Fertil Steril 51:486–492
Pattinson HA, Mortimer D (1987) Prevelance of sperm surface antibodies in the male partners of infertile couples as determined by immunobead screening. Fertil Steril 48:466–469
Shahmanesh M, Sedronska J, Hendry WF (1986) Antisperm antibodies in men with urethritis. Fertil Steril 46:308–311
Upadhyaya M, Hibbard BM, Walker SM (1984) Antisperm antibodies and male infertility. Br J Urol 56:531–536
Witkin SS, Zelikovsky G (1986) Immunosuppression and sperm antibody formation in men with prostatitis. J Clin Lab Immunol 21:7–10
Zanchetta R, Mastrogiacomo I, Graziotti P, Foresta C, Betterle C (1985) Autoantibodies against Leydig cells in patients after spermatic cord torsion. Clin Exp Immunol 55:49–57
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cookson, M.S., Witt, M.A., Kimball, K.T. et al. Can semen analysis predict the presence of antisperm antibodies in patients with primary infertility?. World J Urol 13, 318–322 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00185976
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00185976