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Da Qing Xing Lv (the Criminal Law of Great Qing): A New Chapter Reflecting the Civilization of Modern Criminal Law

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The History of Chinese Legal Civilization

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Abstract

Legislation in the late Qing dynasty mainly focused on criminal law revision. Under the leadership of Shen Jiaben, on the one hand, the transitional Xian Xing Xing Lv (the Current Criminal Law of Great Qing) was made for primary application according to the spirit of reform; on the other hand, foreign jurists were invited to engage in the enactment of Da Qing Xing Lv (the Criminal Law of Great Qing) according to the mode of Western criminal law. On December 25th of the 1st year of Xuantong (February 4, 1910), Da Qing Xing Lv (the Criminal Law of Great Qing) was issued for enforcement according to the order of Emperor Xuantong. As the most representative work of legislation in the late Qing dynasty, Da Qing Xing Lv (the Criminal Law of Great Qing) embodied collectively the collision and integration of the Chinese and Western legal culture.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    1“Zou Xing Lv Cao An Gao Cheng Fen Qi Shan Dan Cheng Lan Bing Chen Xiu Ding Da Zhi Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about the Completion of the Draft of the New Criminal Law of Great Qing for the Emperor to Read by Series and the Main Principle of Amendment) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 845.

  2. 2.

    2Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), p. 126.

  3. 3.

    “Shan Chu Lv Li Nei Zhong Fa Zhe” (A Memorial to the Emperor about Abolishing the Severe Penalties in Law) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 1.

  4. 4.

    Yang Honglie, Zhong Guo Fa Lv Si Xiang Shi (History of Chinese Legal Thoughts) (Book 2), p. 312.

  5. 5.

    See footnote 3.

  6. 6.

    “Fa Lv Bu” (The Section of Law) in Da Qing Fa Gui Da Quan (The Laws and Regulations of Great Qing) (Sequel), Vol. 2.

  7. 7.

    Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), p. 200.

  8. 8.

    Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), pp. 852–853.

  9. 9.

    See footnote 8.

  10. 10.

    Da Qing Xian Xing Xing LvAn Yu (Notes to the Current Criminal Law of Great Qing).

  11. 11.

    Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), p. 271.

  12. 12.

    Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 853.

  13. 13.

    See footnote 12.

  14. 14.

    See footnote 12.

  15. 15.

    Xian Xing Xing Lv (The Current Criminal Law of Great Qing).

  16. 16.

    Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 880.

  17. 17.

    “Xing Lv Cao An Gao Cheng Fen Qi Shan Dan Cheng Lan Bing Chen Xiu Ding Da Zhi Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about the Completion of the Draft of the New Criminal Law of Great Qing for the Emperor to Read by Series and the Main Principle of Amendment) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2).

  18. 18.

    See footnote 17.

  19. 19.

    “Xu Ni Si Zui Gai Wei Liu Tu Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about Changing the Fictional Death Penalty into the Punishment of Exile) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 1.

  20. 20.

    “Chong Jun Kao” (Research on Exile) (Part 2) in Li Dai Xing Fa Kao (Research on Criminal Law in History).

  21. 21.

    “Ming Lv Mu Jian Yi” (Notes of Laws in Ming Dynasty) (Part 1) in “Duan Zui Wu Zheng Tiao” (The Provision of “there Being No Relevant Provisions in the Statute to Refer to when Making Convictions) in Li Dai Xing Fa Kao (A Textual Research of the Criminal Laws in the Past Dynasties).

  22. 22.

    See footnote 17.

  23. 23.

    “See footnote 17.

  24. 24.

    “Wei Zao Wai Guo Huo Bi She Li Zhuan Tiao Zhe” (Memorial to the Emperor about Making Provisions for the Punishment of Counterfeiting Foreign Currency) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 1.

  25. 25.

    “Lun Wu Zhi” (On False Accusation) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 2.

  26. 26.

    See footnote 17.

  27. 27.

    “Xing Fa Zhi” (The Record of the Criminal Law) in Jin Shu (The History of Jin Dynasty).

  28. 28.

    Tang Lv Shu Yi (The Comments on Tang Code).

  29. 29.

    Articles of first section of Da Qing Xing Lv Cao An (The Draft of the Criminal Law of Great Qing) can be read in “Fa Lv Bu” (The Section of Law), part 11–13 in Fa Dian Cao An (Drafts of Statues and Regulations),Vols. 1–3.

  30. 30.

    Montesquieu (France), Bo Si Ren Xin Zha (Persian Letters), Commercial Press, 1962, p. 141.

  31. 31.

    Beccaria (Italy), Lun Fan Zui Yu Xing Fa (Of Crimes and Punishments), translated by Huang Feng, Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 1993, p. 109.

  32. 32.

    Montesquieu (France), Lun Fa De Jing Shen (The Spirit of the Laws), Commercial Press, 1997, p. 85.

  33. 33.

    Hobbes (UK), Li Wei Tan (Leviathan), translated by Li Sifu and Li Tingbi, Commercial Press, 1985, p. 272.

  34. 34.

    Beccaria (Italy), Lun Fan Zui Yu Xing Fa (Of Crimes and Punishments), translated by Huang Feng, Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 1993, p. 43.

  35. 35.

    “Fa Dian Cao An Yi” (Draft One of Code) in “Fa Lv Bu” (The Section of Law) in Da Qing Fa Gui Da Quan (Collection of Laws of the Great Qing), p. 1939.

  36. 36.

    “Fa Dian Cao An Yi” (Draft One of Code) in “Fa Lv Bu” (The Section of Law) in Da Qing Fa Gui Da Quan (Collection of Laws of the Great Qing), p. 1987.

  37. 37.

    Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 854.

  38. 38.

    Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), pp. 272–276.

  39. 39.

    “Xing Kao” (A Textual Research of the Criminal Penalties) (Part 6) in Qing Chao Xu Wen Xian Tong Kao (A Sequel of the General Textual Research of the Documents of Qing Dynasty).

  40. 40.

    “Xiu Gai Xin Xing Lv Bu Ke Bian Ge Yi Guan Lun Chang Ge Tiao Yu” (Emperor’s Edict about Retaining the Articles of Feudal Order of Importance in the Revised New Criminal Law) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 858.

  41. 41.

    Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 858.

  42. 42.

    Qin Ding Da Qing Xing Lv Juan Qian (Preface of The Criminal Law of Great Qing), memorials interpreted by Yi Kuang and others.

  43. 43.

    Da Qing Xing Lv (The Criminal Law of Great Qing) by “Xian Zheng Bian Cha Guan” (The Constitutional Compilation Bureau).

  44. 44.

    Da Xue Tang Zong Du Liu Tingchen Zou Xin Xing Lv Bu He Li Jiao Tiao Wen Qing Yan Chi Shan Jin Zhe (Memorial to the Emperor from General Supervisor Liu Tingchen of The Grand School about Deleting Regulations against Feudal Ethical Code of the Criminal Law) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2).

  45. 45.

    Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), pp. 341–349.

  46. 46.

    Jiang Yong, Wu Shi Nian Lai Zhong Guo Zhi Fa Zhi (The Development of Chinese Legal System in Recent Fifty Years).

  47. 47.

    Shu Lao Ti Xue Xin Xing Lv Cao An Shuo Tie Hou (On Lao’s Opinion on the Draft of the New Criminal Law), in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 8.

  48. 48.

    Gang Tian Bo Shi Lun Xing Lv Bu Yi Zeng Ru He Jian Zui Zhi Fa Ze (Dr. Okada on Adultery by Consent should not be Included in Criminal Law), cited from Li Guilian, Biography of Shen Jiaben, Law Press, 2000, p. 327.

  49. 49.

    Okada Asataro (Japan), Lun Da Qing Xin Xing Lv Zhong Shi Li Jiao (On the Emphasis of Ethics of The New Criminal Law of Great Qing), cited from Law Science Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1.

  50. 50.

    Zi Zheng Yuan Yi Chang Su Ji Lu (The Record of the Stenography of the Assembly Room of Zi Zheng Yuan), No. 23.

  51. 51.

    See footnote 50.

  52. 52.

    Wu Xing Shen Zi Heng Xian Sheng Zhui Dao Hui Ji Shi (The Record of the Memorial Meeting of Wu Xing Mr. Shen Zidun).

  53. 53.

    Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), p. 376.

  54. 54.

    Fa Zheng Qian Shuo Bao (Introduction of Laws and Politics), No. 11, p. 17. in 1911.

  55. 55.

    Shan Chu Lv Li Nei Zhong Fa Zhe (A Memorial to the Emperor about Abolishing the Severe Penalties in Law) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 1.

  56. 56.

    Zou Xu Ni Si Zui Gai Wei Liu Tu Zhe (Memorial to the Emperor about Changing the Fictional Death Penalty into the Punishment of Exile) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 1.

  57. 57.

    “Jian Yu Fang Wen Lu Xu” (Preface to Visits to Prisons) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 6.

  58. 58.

    “Shan Chu Lv Li Nei Zhong Fa Zhe” (A Memorial to the Emperor about Abolishing the Severe Penalties in Law) in Ji Yi Wen Cun (The Classics of Ji Yi), Vol. 1.

  59. 59.

    “Zou Yi” (Memorials to the Emperor) in Zhang Wen Xiang Gong Quan Ji (The Complete Works of Mr. Zhang Wenxiang), Vol. 69.

  60. 60.

    See footnote 59.

  61. 61.

    See footnote 59.

  62. 62.

    Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), pp. 888–889.

  63. 63.

    “Zhe Jiang Xun Fu Zeng Yun Fu Zou Xing Lv Cao An You Bu He Li Jiao Min Qing Zhi Chu Ze Yao Shan Dan Cheng Lan Zhe” (The Procurator of Zhejiang, Zeng Yunfu’s Memorial to the Emperor about the Abstract of Articles Improper to Ethics in the Draft of Criminal Law) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), p. 856.

  64. 64.

    “Jiang Su Xun Fu Chen Qitai Fu Zou Xin Ding Xing Lv Yu Li Jiao Bu He Zhi Chu Ying Zhuo Jia Xiu Ding Zhe” (The Procurator of Jiangsu, Chen Qitai’s Memorial to the Emperor about further Revision of the Provisions in Conflict with the Feudal Ethical Code in the New Criminal Law) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), pp. 859–860.

  65. 65.

    “He Nan Xun Fu Wu Chongxi Zou Qian Zhu Xing Lv Cao An Shan Dan Cheng Lan Bing Chen Jiu Zhi Lv Ying Gu Li Guo Ben Yuan Zhe” (The Procurator of Henan, Wu Chongxi’s Memorial to the Emperor about the Abstract of Articles in the Draft of Criminal Law and the Enactment of Laws Should Consider the Original Principle of the Establishment of the State) in Qing Mo Chou Bei Li Xian Dang An Shi Liao (The Historical Files for the Preparation of the Constitutionalism during the Late Qing Dynasty) (Book 2), pp. 870–871.

  66. 66.

    Shen Jia Ben Nian Pu Chang Bian (The Complete Chronicles of Shen Jiaben), p. 353.

  67. 67.

    Edgar Bodenheimer (America), Fa Li Xue: Fa Zhe Xue Ji Qi Fang Fa (Jurisprudence: Philosophy and Method of Reading), Huaxia Publishing House, 1987, p. 361.

  68. 68.

    Da Qing Guang Xu Xin Fa Ling (The New Decrees of Guangxu Emperor of Great Qing) (Book 20), p. 7.

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    Prof. Jinfan Zhang

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Zhang, J. (2020). Da Qing Xing Lv (the Criminal Law of Great Qing): A New Chapter Reflecting the Civilization of Modern Criminal Law. In: The History of Chinese Legal Civilization. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1032-3_8

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