Definition
There are two classifications that are used separately, the Dukes and the TNM (tumor, lymphnodes, metastases) classification (Colon Cancer Clinical Oncology).
The Dukes-Classification is preferred in the US and UK and describes the following stages:
- 1.
Dukes A Growth limited to wall, nodes negative
- 2.
Dukes B Growth beyond muscularis propia, nodes negative
- 3.
Dukes C1 Nodes positive and apical negative
- 4.
Dukes C2 Apical node positive
- 5.
Dukes D Growth beyond originating organ
The TNM-staging (suggested by the Union internationale contre le cancer, UICC) is preferred in European countries and distinguishes between the stages listed below. T stands for the expansion of the primary tumor; N for the lack or the presence of metastases of the lymph nodes; M for the lack or the presence of distant metastases. Numbers indicate the extent of malignant processes; p, postoperative (Table 1).
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See Also
(2012) UICC. In: Schwab M (ed) Encyclopedia of Cancer, 3rd edn. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p 3836. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-16483-5_6512.
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(2016). Colon Cancer Classification. In: Schwab, M. (eds) Encyclopedia of Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46875-3_6532
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