Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Vegetation

  • Chapter
Landscape Function and Disturbance in Arctic Tundra

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 120))

Abstract

The discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay in 1968 prompted considerable interest and funding for disturbance research in arctic ecosystems. Most of the early studies focused on small-scale disturbances relating to oil spills, off-road vehicle trails, roadside disturbances, and old oil-well sites. During the late 1980s and 1990s, scientific interest turned to the broader-scale issues relating to the basic ecosystem processes involved in disturbance and recovery (Oechel 1989; Chaps. 1 and 2, this Vol.), cumulative impacts of large oil-field developments (Walker et al. 1987a), restoration of affected areas (Wyant and Knapp 1992), effects of contamination of the arctic atmosphere from sources at lower latitudes (Landers et al. 1992), and issues relating to climate change (Chapin et al. 1992).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abele G (1976) Effects of Hovercraft, wheeled and tracked vehicle traffic on tundra. In: Nat Res Counc Can Assoc Comm Geotech Res, Tech Memo 116: 186–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Abele G, Parrott W, Atwood D (1972) Effects of SK-5 Air Cushion Vehicle operations on organic terrains. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Intern Rep 269

    Google Scholar 

  • Abele G, Johnson LA, Collins CM, Taylor RA (1978a) Effects of winter military operations on cold regions terrains. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Spec Rep 78–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Abele G, Walker DA, Brown J, Brewer MC, Atwood DM (1978b) Effects of low-ground pressure vehicle traffic on tundra at Lonely, Alaska. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Spec Rep 78–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Abele G, Brown J, Brewer MC (1984) Long-term effects of off-road vehicle traffic on tundra terrain. J Terrain Mechanics 21 (3): 283–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam KM, Hernandez H (1977) Snow and ice roads: ability to support traffic and effects on vegetation. Arctic 30 (1): 13–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander V, Van Cleve K (1983) The Alaska pipeline: a success story. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 14: 443–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atlas RM (1985) Effects of hydrocarbons on microorganims and petroleum biodegradation in arctic ecosystems. In: Engelhardt FR (ed) Petroleum effects in the arctic environment. Elsevier, New York, pp 63–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Auclair AND (1983) The role of fire in lichen-dominated tundra and forest-tundra. In: Wein WR

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean DA (eds) The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Wiley, New York Auerbach NA (1992) Effects of road and dust disturbance in minerotrophic and acidic tundra ecosystems, northern Alaska. MBS Thesis, Univ Colorado, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker M (1985) Two-year study of the effects of winter brine spill on tussock tundra. Final Rep, ARCO Alaska Inc, Anchorage

    Google Scholar 

  • Beanlands GE, Erckmann WJ, Orians GH, O’Riordan J, Policansky D, Sadar MH, Sadler B (eds) (1986) Cumulative environmental effects: a binational perspective. Can Environ Assess Res Counc, US Natl Res Counc, Ottawa, Ontario and Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg RL (1980) Road performance and associated investigations. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 80–19: 53–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger TR (1977) Northern frontier, northern homeland. Report of the Mackenzie Valley pipeline inquiry, vol 2. Terms and conditions. Minister of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada Billings WD

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson KM (1980) Vegetational change and ice-wedge polygons through the thaw- lake cycle in arctic Alaska. Arct Alp Res 12: 413–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bliss LC, Cantlon JE (1957) Succession on river alluvium in northern Alaska. Am Midl Nat 58: 452–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bliss LC, Grulke NE (1988) Revegetation in the High Arctic: its role in reclamation of surface disturbance. In: Kershaw P (ed) Northern environmental disturbances. Boreal Inst North Stud, Edmonton, Canada, pp 43–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliss LC, Matveyeva NV (1992) Circumpolar arctic vegetation. In: Chapin FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J (eds) Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: an ecophysiological perspective. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 59–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliss LC, Peterson EB (1973) The ecological impact of northern petroleum development. In: Proc 5th Int Congr on Arctic oil and gas: problems and possibilities, Le Havre, May 1973

    Google Scholar 

  • Brendel JE, Eschenbach TG (1985) Check Valve 23 revegetation study. In: Lewis ML (ed) Proc 8th Annu Meet International Society of Petroleum Industry Biologists, Northern hydrocarbon development environmental problem solving. Banff, Alberta

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Berg RL (eds) (1980) Environmental engineering and ecological baseline investigations along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 80–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttrick SC (1973) The ecological effects of vehicular traffic on frozen tundra. MS Thesis, Ohio State Univ, Columbus

    Google Scholar 

  • Challinor JL, Gersper PL (1975) Vehicle perturbation effects upon a tundra soil-plant system II. Effects on the chemical regime. Soil Sci Soc Am 39: 689–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapin FS, Chapin MC (1980) Revegetation of an arctic disturbed site by native tundra species. J Appl Ecol 17: 449–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapin FS, Shaver GR (1981) Changes in soil properties and vegetation following disturbance of Alaskan arctic tundra. J Appl Ecol 18: 605–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapin FS, Jefferies RL, Reynolds JF, Shaver GR, Svoboda J (eds) (1992) Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate: an ecophysiological perspective. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • CA Chester AL, Shaver GR (1982) Seedling dynamics of some cottongrass tussock tundra species during the natural revegetation of small disturbed areas. Holarct Ecol 5: 207–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill ED, Hanson HC (1958) The concept of climax in arctic and alpine vegetation. Bot Rev 24: 127–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cline EW, Vlachos EC, Horak GC (1983) State-of-the-art and theoretical basis of assessing cumulative impacts on fish and wildlife. Rep prepared for the Eastern Energy and Land Use Team, Office of Biological Services, Fish and Wildlife Service. Dynamac Corporation, Ft. Collins, CO

    Google Scholar 

  • Clymo RS (1973) The growth of Sphagnum: some effects of environment. J Ecol 61: 849–869 Deneke FJ, McCown BH, Coyne PI, Rickard W, Brown J (1975) Biological aspects of terrestrial oil spills - US Army CRREL oil research in Alaska, 1970–1974. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Res Rep 346

    Google Scholar 

  • Densmore RV (1979) Aspects of the seed ecology of woody plants of the Alaskan taiga and tundra. PhD Thesis, Duke Univ, Durham

    Google Scholar 

  • Densmore RV (1985) Effects of dynamite and vibrator seismic exploration on visual quality, soils, and vegetation of the Alaskan north slope. Final Rep Geophys Sery Inc, Envirosphere Co, Anchorage

    Google Scholar 

  • Densmore RV (1992) Succession on an Alaskan tundra disturbance with and without assisted revegetation with grass. Arct Alp Res 24: 238–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Densmore RV, Holmes KW (1987) Assisted revegetation in Denali National Park, Alaska USA. Arct Alp Res 19: 544–548

    Google Scholar 

  • Densmore RV, Nieland BI, Zasada JC, Masters MA (1987) Planting willow for moose habitat restoration on the North Slope of Alaska, USA. Arct Alp Res 19: 537–543

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebersole JJ (1985) Medium-and short-term recovery of Low Arctic vegetation, Oumalik, Alaska. PhD Thesis, Univ Colorado, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebersole JJ (1987) Short-term vegetation recovery at an Alaskan arctic coastal plain site. Arct Alp Res 19: 442–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebersole JJ (1989) Role of the seed bank in providing colonizers on a tundra disturbance in Alaska. Can J Bot 67: 466–471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebersole JJ, Webber PJ (1983) Biological decomposition and plant succession following disturbance on the Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska. In: Permafrost: Proc 4th Int Conf. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 266–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett KR (1978) Some effects of oil on the physical and chemical characteristics of wet tundra soils. Arctic 31: 260–276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett KR (1980) Distribution and properties of road dust along the northern portion of the Haul Road. US Army Cold Region Res Eng Lab, Rep 80–19: 101–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett KR, Murray BM, Murray DF, Johnson AW, Linkins AE, Webber PI (1985) Reconnaissance observations of long-term natural vegetation recovery in the Cape Thompson region, Alaska, and additions to the checklist of flora. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 85–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Felix NA, Raynolds MK (1989a) The effects of winter seismic trails on tundra vegetation in northeastern Alaska, USA. Arct Alp Res 21: 188–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Felix NA, Raynolds MK (1989b) The role of snow cover in limiting surface disturbance caused by winter seismic exploration. Arctic 42: 62–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Felix NA, Raynolds MK, Jorgenson JC, DuBois KE (1992) Resistance and resilience of tundra plant communities to disturbance by winter seismic vehicles. Arct Alp Res 24: 69–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fetcher N, Beatty TF, Mullinax B, Winkler DS (1984) Changes in arctic tussock tundra thirteen years after fire. Ecology 65: 1332–1333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forbes BC (1992) Tundra disturbance studies, I: long-term effects of vehicles on species richness and biomass. Environ Conser 19 (1): 48–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman W, Hutchinson TC (1976) Physical and biological effects of experimental crude oil spills on Low Arctic tundra in the vicinity of Tuktoyaktuk, NWT, Canada. Can J Bot 54: 2219–2230

    Google Scholar 

  • French HM (1974) Active thermokarst processes, eastern Banks Island, western Canadian arctic. Can J Earth Sci 11: 785–794

    Google Scholar 

  • French HM (1985) Surface disposal of waste drilling fluids, Ellef Ringnes Island, NWT: short-term observations. Arctic 38: 292–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel HW, Tande GF (1983) A regional approach to fire history in Alaska. US Dep Inter Bur Land Manage, Tech Rep 9

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner BL (1983) Germination characteristics of arctic plants. In: Permafrost: Proc 4th Int Conf National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 334–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner BL, Chapin FS III, Shaver GR (1983) Demographic patterns of seedling establishment and growth of native graminoids in an Alaskan tundra disturbance. J Appl Ecol 20: 965–980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gas Arctic-Northwest Project Study Group (1973) Engineering and environmental factors related to the design, construction and operation of a natural gas pipeline on the arctic region based on Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, research facility. Final Rep, vol 4. Environ Ecol Stud, Battelle Columbus Lab, Columbus

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersper PL, Alexander V, Barkley SA, Barsdate RJ, Flint PS (1980) The soils and their nutrients. In: Brown J, Miller PC, Tieszen LL, Bunnell FL (eds) An Arctic ecosystem: the coastal tundra on Barrow, Alaska. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, pp 219–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Gryc G (1985) The National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska: earth-science considerations. US Geol Sury Prof Pap 1240-C

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall DK, Brown J, Johnson L (1978) The 1977 tundra fire in the Kokolik River area of Alaska. Arctic 31: 54–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernandez H (1973) Natural plant recolonization of surficial disturbances, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula region, Northwest Territories. Can J Bot 51 (11): 2177–2196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinzman L, Kane DL, Gieck RE, Everett KR (1991) Hydrologic and thermal properties of the active layer in the Alaskan arctic. Cold Reg Sci Tech 19 (2): 95–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hok JR (1969) A reconnaissance of tractor trails and related phenomena on the North Slope of Alaska. US Dep Inter Bur Land Manage Publ

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AW, Murray BM, Murray DF (1978) Floristics of the disturbances and neighboring locales. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 78–28, pp 30–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L (1981) Revegetation and selected terrain disturbances along the trans-Alaska pipeline, 1975–1978. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Spec Rep 81–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L (1984) Revegetation along pipeline rights-of-way in Alaska. In: Proc 3rd Int Symp Environ Concerns in Rights-of-way Management, 15–18 February 1982, San Diego, California. Mississippi State Univ, State College, pp 254–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L (1987) Management of northern gravel sites for successful reclamation: a review. Arct Alp Res 19: 530–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L, Viereck L (1983) Recovery and active layer changes following a tundra fire in northwestern Alaska. In: Permafrost: Proc 4th Int Conf, 17–22 July 1983. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 543–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson L, Sparrow E, Collins C, Jenkins T, Davenport C, McFadden TM (1980) The fate and effects of crude oil spilled on subarctic permafrost terrain in interior Alaska. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 80–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson PR, Collins CM (1980) Snow pads used in pipeline construction in Alaska, 1976: construction, use and breakup. US Army Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 80–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT (1988) Rehabilitation studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1987. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc, and Kuparuk River Unit, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Cater TC (1991) Land rehabilitation studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1990. Final Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Cater TC (1992) Land rehabilitation studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1991. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Kidd JG (1991) Land rehabilitation studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1990. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Robus MA, Zachel CO, Lawhead BE (1987) Effects of a brine spill on tundra vegetation and soil in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Kielland K, Schepart BS, Hyzy JB (1991a) Bioremediation and tundra restoration after a crude oil spill near drill site 2U, Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks, AK, and Waste Stream Technol, Inc, Buffalo

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Kidd JG, Cater TC (1991b) Rehabilitation of a thick gravel pad using snow capture and topsoil addition, drill site 13, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska 1990. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Hefferman TT, Lance BK (1991c) Land rehabilitation studies in the Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1989. Annu Rep, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Kidd JG, Cater TC (1992a) Rehabilitation of a thick gravel pad using snow capture and topsoil addition, drill site 13, Prudhoe Bay Oilfield, Alaska 1990. Report prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgenson MT, Cater TC, Jacobs LL (1992b) Wetland creation and revegetation on an overburden stockpile at mine site D, Kuparuk Oilfield, Alaska, 1991. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc and Kuparuk River Unit, Anchorage, AK, Alaska Biol Res, Inc, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce MR (1980) Effects of gravel removal on terrestrial biota. In: Woodward-Clycle Consultants (eds), Gravel removal studies in arctic and subarctic floodplains in Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Services, Anchorage Tech Rep FWSIOBS-80/08

    Google Scholar 

  • Kershaw GP, Kershaw LJ (1986) Ecological characteristics of 35-year-old crude-oil spills in tundra plant communities of the Mackenzie Mountains, NWT. Can J Bot 64: 2935–2947

    Google Scholar 

  • Kershaw GP, Kershaw LI (1987) Successful plant colonizers on disturbances in tundra areas of northwestern Canada. Arct Alp Res 19: 451–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klinger LF, Walker DA, Webber PJ (1983) The effects of gravel roads on Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain tundra. In: Permafrost: Proc 4th Int Conf, 17–22 July 1983. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 628–633

    Google Scholar 

  • Komârkovâ V (1983) Recovery of plant communities and summer thaw at the 1949 Fish Creek Test Well 1, arctic Alaska. In: Permafrost: Proc 4th Int Conf, 17–22 July 1983. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 645–650

    Google Scholar 

  • Komârkovâ V (1985) Plant community recovery 30 years after disturbance at the 1949 Fish Creek Test Well 1, arctic Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Final Rep

    Google Scholar 

  • Komârkovâ V, Webber PJ (1978) Geobotanical mapping, vegetation disturbance and recovery. In: Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, northern Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Report 78–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubanis SA (1980) Recolonization by native plant species and persistence of introduced species along the Yukon River-Prudhoe Bay Haul Road, 1977–1981. Thesis, San Diego State Univ, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Landers DH, Ford J, Gubala CP, Allen S, Curtis L, Urquhart NS, Omernik JM (1992) US Environ Prot Agency, Arc Contam Res Prog, EPA/600/R-92/210

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson DE (1982) Long-term modifications of perennially frozen sediment and terrain at East Oumalik, northern Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 82–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson DE (1986) Response of permafrost terrain to disturbance: a synthesis of observations from northern Alaska. Arct Alp Res 18: 1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson DE, Brown J (1979) Human-induced thermokarst at old drill sites in northern Alaska. North Eng 10: 16–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson DE, Brown J, Everett KR, Johnson AW, Komârkovâ V, Murray BM, Murray DF, Webber PJ (eds) (1978) Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, northern Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 78–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee LC, Gosselink JG (1988) Cumulative impacts on wetlands: linking scientific assessments and regulatory alternatives. Environ Manage 12 (5): 591–602

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linkins AE, Fetcher N (1983) Effect of surface-applied Prudhoe Bay crude oil on vegetation and soil processes in tussock tundra. In: Permafrost: Proc 4th Int Conf, 17–22 July 1983. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 723–728

    Google Scholar 

  • Linkins AE, Johnson LA, Everett KR, Atlas RM (1984) Oil spills: damage and recovery in tundra and taiga. In: Cairns J, Buikema AL (eds) Restoration of habitats impacted by oil spills. Butterworth, Boston, pp 135–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay D, Mohtadi M (1975) Area affected by oil spills on land. Can J Chem Eng 53: 140143

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackay JR (1970) Disturbances to the tundra and forest tundra environment of the western arctic. Can Geotech J 7: 420–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matveyeva NV (1979) An annotated list of plants inhabiting sites of natural and anthropogenic disturbances of tundra cover in western Taimyr: the settlement of Kresty. In: West GC (ed) The effect of disturbance on plant communities in tundra regions of the Soviet Union. Biol Pap Univ AK 20

    Google Scholar 

  • McCown BH, Deneke FJ, Rickard W, Tieszen LL (1973a) The response of Alaskan terrestrial plant communities to the presence of petroleum. In: Proc Symp Impact of Oil Resource Dev on Northern Plant Communities. Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, pp 34–43

    Google Scholar 

  • McCown BH, Brown J, Barsdate BJ (1973b) Natural oil seeps at Cape Simpson, Alaska: localized influences on terrestrial habitat. In: Proc Symp Impact of Oil Resource Dev on Northern Plant Communities. Univ Alaska, Fairbanks, pp 86–90

    Google Scholar 

  • McGraw JB (1980) Seed bank size and distribution of seeds in cottongrass tussock tundra, Eagle Creek, Alaska. Can J Bot 58: 1607–1611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKendrick JD (1987) Plant succession on disturbed sites, North Slope, Alaska, USA. In: Salzberg KA, Fridriksson S, Webber PJ (eds) Proc 7th Conf Comité Actique Int, Sept 1986. Acrt Alp Res 19(4): 544–565

    Google Scholar 

  • McKendrick J (1990) Arctophila feasibility studies - phase I. Abstr of paper presented at North Slope Terrestrial Studies Worksh. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc, 900 East Benson Blvd, Anchorage, AK, 15–16 Nov 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • McKendrick JD, Mitchell WM (1978) Fertilizing and seeding oil-damaged arctic tundra to effect vegetation recovery, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Arctic 31 (3): 296–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehan RH (1986) Impact of oilfield development on shorebirds, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. PhD Thesis, Univ Colorado, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell WW (1979) Three varieties of native Alaskan grasses for revegetation purposes. Univ Alaska Agric Exp Stn Circ 32: 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore NJ (1983) Pioneer Salix alaxensis communities along the Sagavanirktok River and adjacent drainages. MS Thesis, Univ Alaska, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore NJ (1990) Studies on the techniques for revegetation with Arctophila fulva. Draft Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc, Anchorage, AK, Plant Materials Center, Alaska Dep Nat Resources, Palmer

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers KC, Barker MH (1984) Examination of drilling reserve pit fluids and effects of tundra disposal at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 1982–1983. Rep prepared for ARCO Alaska, Inc, Anchorage

    Google Scholar 

  • Oechel WC (1989) Nutrient and water flux in a small arctic watershed: an overview. Holarct Ecol 12: 229–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamplin WL (1979) Construction-related impacts of the trans-Alaska pipeline system on terrestrial wildlife habitats. Joint State/Federal Fish and Wildlife Advisory Team, Anchorage, Spec Rep No 24

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson KM, Billings WD (1978) Geomorphic processes and vegetational change along the Meade River sand bluffs in northern Alaska. Arctic 31: 7–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson KM, Billings WD (1980) Tundra vegetational patterns and succession in relation to microtopography near Atkasook, Alaska. Arct Alp Res 12: 473–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett STA, Kolasa J, Armetso JJ, Collins SL (1989) The ecological concept of disturbance and its expression at various hierarchical levels. Oikos 54: 129–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pope PR, Hillman SO, Safford L (1982) Arctic Coastal Plains tundra restoration: a new application. In: Proc 5th Arctic marine oilspill program technical seminar. Edmonton, Alberta, pp 93–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston EM, Bedford BL (1988) Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: a conceptual overview and generic framework. Environ Mange 12 (5): 565–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Racine CH (1977) Tundra disturbance resulting from a 1974 drilling operation in the Cape Espenberg area, Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Rep for US Dep Interior, National Park Service, Ord #PX9100–6–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Racine CH (1981) Tundra fire effects on soils and three plant communities along a hill-slope gradient in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Arctic 34: 71–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Racine CH, Patterson WA, Dennis JG (1983) Permafrost thaw associated with tundra fires in northwest Alaska. In: Permafrost Proc 4th Int Conf, 17–22 July 1983. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 1024–1029

    Google Scholar 

  • Racine CH, Patterson WA, Dennis JG (1985) Tundra fire regimes in the Noatak River watershed, Alaska: 1956–1983. Arctic 38 (3): 194–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Racine CH, Johnson LA, Viereck LA (1987) Patterns of vegetation recovery after tundra fires in northwestern Alaska, USA. Arct Alp Res 19: 461–469

    Google Scholar 

  • Radforth JR, Burwash AL (1977) Transportation. In: Radforth NW, Brawner CO (eds) Muskeg and the northern environment in Canada. Univ Toronto Press, Toronto, pp 249–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynolds MK, Felix NA (1989) Airphoto analysis of winter seismic disturbance in northeastern Alaska. Arctic 42 (4): 362–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed JC (1958) Exploration of Naval Petroleum Reserve No 4 and adjacent areas, northern Alaska. US Geol Sury Prof Pap 301

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds PC (1982) Some effects of oil and gas exploration activities on tundra vegetation in northern Alaska. In: Rand PJ (ed) Land and water issues related to energy development. Ann Arbor Sci, Ann Arbor, pp 403–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver GR, Chapin FS (1984) Limiting factors for plant growth in northern ecosystems. In: Moore TR (ed) Future directions for research in Nouveau-Quebec. McGill Univ Press, Montreal, Subarct Res Pap 39: 49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver GR, Gartner GL, Chapin FS, Linkins AE (1983) Revegetation of arctic disturbed sites by native tundra plants. In: Permafrost Proc 4th Int Conf 17–22 July 1983. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp 1133–1138

    Google Scholar 

  • Shideler RT (1986) Impacts of human developments and land use on caribou: a literature review. Alaska Dep Fish Game, Tech Rep 86–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons CL, Everett KR, Walker DA, Linkins AE, Webber PJ (1983) Sensitivity of plant communities and soil flora to seawater spills, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 83–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter CW, Racine CH, Walker DA, Johnson LA, Abele G (1990) Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in Alaska permafrost environments: a review. Environ Manage 14: 63–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spatt PD (1978) Seasonal variation of growth conditions on a natural and dust impacted Sphagnum (Sphagnacaeae) community in northern Alaska. MS Thesis, Univ Cincinnati, Cincinnati

    Google Scholar 

  • Spatt PD, Miller MC (1981) Growth conditions and vitality of Sphagnum in a tundra community along the Alaska Pipeline Haul Road. Arctic 34 (1): 48–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Speer L, Libenson S (1988) Oil in the Arctic: the environmental record of oil development on Alaska’s North Slope. Rep prepared for Trustees for Alaska, Natural Resources Defense Council, and National Wildlife Federation, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Stakhiv EZ (1988) An evaluation paradigm for cumulative impact analysis. Environ Manage 12 (5): 725–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sterrett KF (1976) The arctic environment and the arctic surface effect vehicle. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 76–1, pp 1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of the Interior (1983) Proposed oil and gas exploration within the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Final environmental impact statement and preliminary final regulations. US Fish Wild Ser, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Viereck LA (1966) Plant succession and soil development on gravel outwash of the Muldrow Glacier, Alaska. Ecol Monogr 36 (3): 181–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vilchek GE, Bykova OY (1992) The origin of regional ecological problems within the northern Tyumen Oblast, Russia. Arct Alp Res 24 (2): 99–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA (1985) Vegetation and environmental gradients for the Prudhoe Bay region, Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 85–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA (1987) Height and growth-ring response of Salix lanata ssp. richardsonii along the coastal temperature gradient of northern Alaska. Can J Bot 65: 988–993

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Everett KR (1987) Road dust and its environmental impact on Alaskan taiga and tundra. Arct Alp Res 19: 479–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Everett KR (1991) Loess ecosystems of northern Alaska: regional gradient and toposequence at Prudhoe Bay. Ecol Monogr 61: 437–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Walker MD (1991) History and pattern of disturbance in Alaskan arctic terrestrial ecosystems: a hierarchical approach to analysing landscape change. J Appl Ecol 28: 244–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Webber PJ, Everett KR, Brown J (1977) The effects of low-pressure wheeled vehicles on plant communities and soils at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Spec Rep 77–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Webber PJ, Everett KR, Brown J (1978) The effects of crude oil and diesel spills on plant communities at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska and the derivation of oil spill sensitivity maps. Arctic 31: 242–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Walker MD, Lederer ND (1985a) 1983 observations at the Prudhoe Bay and Franklin Bluffs hydrocarbon spill sites. In: Webber PJ, Walker DA, Komârkovâ V, Ebersole JJ (eds) Baseline monitoring methods and sensitivity analysis of Alaskan Arctic tundra. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Final Rep

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Lederer ND, Walker MD (1985b) 1983 observations at the Prudhoe Bay Rolligon Site seven years following the test. In: Webber PJ, Walker DA, Komârkovâ V, Ebersole JJ (eds) Baseline monitoring methods and sensitivity analysis of Alaskan Arctic tundra. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Final Rep

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Webber PJ, Walker MD, Lederer ND, Meehan RH, Nordstrand EA (1986) Use of geobotanical maps and automated mapping techniques to examine cumulative impacts in the Prudhoe Bay oilfield, Alaska. Environ Consery 13: 149–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker DA, Webber PJ, Binnian EF, Everett KR, Lederer ND, Nordstrand EA, Walker MD (1987a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern Alaskan landscapes. Science 238: 757–761 Walker DA, Cate D, Brown J, Racine C (1987b) Disturbance and recovery of arctic Alaskan tundra

    Google Scholar 

  • terrain: a review of recent investigations. US Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Rep 87–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker MD (1990) Vegetation and floristics of pingos, Central Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dissertationes Botanicae, 149. Cramer, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber PJ, Fridriksson S (1987) Restoration and vegetation succession in circumpolar lands: the conference. Arct Alp Res 19: 343–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber PJ, Ives JD (1978) Recommendations concerning the damage and recovery of tundra vegetation. Environ Consery 5: 171–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wein RW (1975) Vegetation recovery in arctic tundra and forest tundra after fire. Northern Economic Development Branch, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, ALUR Report 74–75–62, Ottawa, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  • Wein RW, Bliss LC (1973a) Changes in arctic Eriophorum vaginatum tussock communities following fire. Ecology 54: 845–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wein RW, Bliss LC (1973b) Experimental crude oil spills on arctic plant communities. J Appl Ecol 10: 671–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werbe E (1980) Disturbance effects of a gravel highway upon Alaskan tundra vegetation. MA Thesis, Univ Colorado, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • West GC (1976) Environmental problems associated with arctic development especially in Alaska. Environ Consery 3: 218–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West RL, Snyder-Conn E (1987) Effects of Prudhoe Bay reserve pit fluids on water quality and

    Google Scholar 

  • macroinvertebrates of arctic tundra ponds in Alaska. US Fish Wild Ser, Biol Rep 87(7) Westlake DW, Jobson AM, Cook FD (1978) In situ degradation of oil in a soil of the boreal region

    Google Scholar 

  • of the Northwest Territories. Can J Microbiol 24: 254–260

    Google Scholar 

  • White PS, Pickett STA (1985) Natural disturbance and patch dynamics: an introduction. In: Pickett STA, White PS (eds) The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins IL, Thomas JH (1962) A flora of the Alaskan arctic slope. Toronto Univ Press, Toronto Woodward-Clyde Consultants I (1980) Gravel removal studies in arctic and subarctic flood plains in Alaska. US Fish Wild Serv, Tech Rep FWS/OBS-80/08

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyant JG, Knapp CM (1972) Alaska North Slope oil-field restoration research strategy (ANSORRS). US Environ Protect Agency, Res Dev Rep EPA/600/R-92/022

    Google Scholar 

  • Younkin WE (1972) Revegetation studies of disturbances in the Mackenzie Delta region. In: Bliss LC, Wein RW (eds) Botanical studies of natural and man modified habitats in the eastern Mackenzie Delta region and the Arctic Islands. Dept Indian Affairs and Northern Dev, ALUR Rep 72–73–14, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Younkin WE (ed) (1976) Revegetation studies in the northern Mackenzie Valley Region. Arct Gas Biol Rep Ser 38

    Google Scholar 

  • Yurtsev BA, Korobkov AA (1979) An annotated list of plants inhabiting sites of natural and anthropogenic disturbances of tundra cover; southeasternmost Chukchi Peninsula. Univ Als Biol Pap 20: 1–17

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. D. A. Walker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Duke University, Phytotron Building, Box 90340, 27708, Durham, NC, USA

    James F. Reynolds

  2. Lehrstuhl für Pflanzenökologie II Bayreuth Institute for Terrestrial Ecosystem Research (BITÖK), Universität Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany

    John D. Tenhunen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Walker, D.A. (1996). Disturbance and Recovery of Arctic Alaskan Vegetation. In: Reynolds, J.F., Tenhunen, J.D. (eds) Landscape Function and Disturbance in Arctic Tundra. Ecological Studies, vol 120. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01145-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01145-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-01147-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-01145-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation