Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The role of sea ice in structuring Antarctic ecosystems

  • Conference paper
Weddell Sea Ecology

Summary

This paper focusses on the links between growth, persistence and decay of sea ice and the structure of Antarctic marine ecosystems on different spatial and temporal scales. Sea-ice growth may divide an oceanic ecosystem into two dissimilar compartments: (1) the water column, with primary production controlled by the reduction of irradiative fluxes due to the snow-laden sea-ice cover and thermo-haline convection, and (2) the pore space within the ice with incorporated organisms switching from a planktonic to a “kryohaline” mode of life. In the ice, physical boundary conditions are set by (1) the irradiance which is controlled by the optical properties of snow and ice and (2) the ambient temperature which controls salinity and brine volume. Partly due to the high levels of biomass within the sea-ice system, interaction between different groups of organisms concentrates on the planar environment predefined by the ice cover. As a resuit of regional structuring of ecosystems, four sea-ice regimes may be recognized: seasonal pack ice, coastal zone, perennial pack ice, and marginal ice zone. These regimes are interwoven through the temporal structuring of ecosystems brought about by ice-cover seasonality and ice drift. In comparison with open-water pelagic ecosystems, sea ice appears of particular importance as it partly inverts the ecosystem structure and enhances the degree of ecological variability.

Data presented here were collected during the European Polarstern Study (EPOS) sponsored by the European Science Foundation

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aarset AV, Torres JT (1989) Cold resistance and metabolic responses to salinity variations in the amphipod Eusirus antarcticus and the krill Euphausia superba. Polar Biol 9:491–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ackley SF (1982) Ice scavenging and nucleation: two mechanisms for incorporation of algae into newly formed sea ice. EOS 63:54

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackley SF (1986) Sea ice pressure ridge microbial communities. Antarct J U S 21:172–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackley SF, Buck KR, Taguchi S (1979) Standing crop of algae in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea region. Deep-Sea Res 26:269–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, Fraser WR, Sullivan CW, Torres JJ, Hopkins TL, Smith WO Jr (1986) Antarctic mesopelagic micronekton: evidence from seabirds that pack ice affects community structure. Science 232:847–849

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch A (1989) Die Eisalgenflora des Weddellmeeres (Antarktis): Artenzusammensetzung und Biomasse sowie Ökophysiologie ausgewählter Arten. Ber Polarforsch 63 (in German with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergström BI, Hempel G, Marschall HP, North A, Siegel V, Strömberg JO (1990) Spring distribution, size composition and behaviour of krill Euphausia superba in the western Weddell Sea. Polar Rec 26:85–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley RG, Trodahl HJ (1987) Scattering and absorption of visible light by sea ice. Nature 326:867–869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmack EC (1986) Circulation and mixing in ice-covered waters. In: Untersteiner N (ed) The geophysics of sea ice. Martinus Nijhoff Publ, Dordrecht (NATO ASI B146), pp 641–712

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke DB, Ackley SF (1984) Sea ice structure and biological activity in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. J Geophys Res 89:2087–2095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comiso JC, Maynard NG, Smith WO Jr, Sullivan CW (1990) Satellite ocean colour studies of Antarctic ice edges in summer and autumn. J Geophys Res 95:9481–9496

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cota GF (1985) Photoadaptation of high Arctic ice algae. Nature 315:219–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cota GF, Prinsenberg SJ, Bennett EB, Loder JW, Lewis MR, Anning JL, Watson NHF, Harris LR (1987) Nutrient fluxes during extended blooms of Arctic ice algae. J Geophys Res 92:1951–1962

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox GFN, Weeks WF (1983) Equations for determining the gas and brine volumes in sea-ice samples. J Glaciol 29:306–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox GFN, Weeks WF (1988) Numerical simulations of the profile properties of undeformed first-Year sea ice during the growth season. J Geophys Res 93:12449–12460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahms HU, Bergmans M, Schminke HK (1990) Distribution and adaptations of sea ice inhabiting Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica). Mar Ecol 11:207–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daly KL (1990) Overwintering development, growth, and feeding of larval Euphausia superba in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Limnol Oceanogr 35:1564–1567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dayton PK, Robilliard GA, DeVries AL (1969) Anchor ice formation in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, and its biological effects. Science 163:273–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Baar N, Buma A, Nolting R, Cadée G, Jacques G, Treguer P (1990) On iron limitation of the Southern Ocean: experimental observations in the Weddell and Scotia Seas. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 65:105–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dieckmann GS, Rohardt G, Hellmer H, Kipfstuhl J (1986) The occurrence of ice platelets at 250 m depth near the Filchner Ice Shelf and its significance for sea ice biology. Deep-Sea Res 33:141–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dieckmann GS, Spindler M, Lange MA, Ackley SF, Eicken H (1991) Antarctic sea ice: a habitat for the foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. J Foraminifer Res 21:182–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eicken H, Lange MA (1989) Development and properties of sea ice in the coastal regime of the southeastern Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 94:8193–8206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eicken H, Lange MA, Dieckmann GS (1991) Spatial variability of sea-ice properties in the northwestern Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 96:10603–10616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed SZ (1971) Biological aspects of the pack ice ecosystem. In: Deacon GER (ed) Symposium on Antarctic ice and water masses. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, pp 35–54

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed SZ (1988) Seasonal and interannual variabilities in Antarctic phytoplankton with reference to krill distribution. In: Sahrhage D (ed) Antarctic Ocean and resources variability. Springer, Berlin, pp 101–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelbart D (1989) Der turbulente Strom fühlbarer Wärme im Einflußbereich antarktischer Küstenpolynyen. Meteorol Rdsch 41:111–121 (in German with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahrbach E, Klindt H, Muus D, Rohardt G, Salameh P (1987) Physical oceanography. In: Schnack–Schiel S (ed) The winter-expedition of RV “Polarstern” to the Antarctic (ANT V/1–3). Ber Polarforsch 39:156–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer G, Fütterer D, Gersonde R, Honjo S, Ostermann D, Wefer G (1988) Seasonal variability of particle flux in the Weddell Sea and its relation to ice cover. Nature 335:426–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser WR, Pitman RL, Ainley DG (1990) Seabird and fur seal responses to vertically migrating winter krill swarms in Antarctica. Polar Biol 10:37–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Fryxell GA, Kendrick GA (1988) Austral spring microalgae across the Weddell Sea ice edge: spatial relationships found along a northward transect during AMERIEZ 83. Deep-Sea Res 35:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison DL, Ackley SF, Buck KR (1983) A physical mechanism for establishing algal populations in frazil ice. Nature 306:363–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison DL, Sullivan CW, Ackley SF (1986) Sea ice microbial community studies in the Antarctic. Bioscience 36:243–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison DL, Buck KR, Fryxell GA (1987) Algal assemblages in Antarctic pack ice and in ice-edge plankton. J Phycol 23:564–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison DL, Close AR, Reimnitz E (1989) Algae concentrated by frazil ice: evidence from laboratory experiments and field measurements. Antarct Sci 1:313–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison DL, Close AR, Gordon LI (1990) Nutrient concentrations in Antarctic pack ice during the austral winter. In: Ackley SF, Weeks WF (eds) Sea ice properties and processes. CRREL Monogr 90–1, pp 35–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez H (1992) The distribution and abundance of faecal pellets in the Scotia- and Weddell Seas (Antarctica) and their role in the particle flux. 1. Krill faeces and oval faeces. Polar Biol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon AL, Chen CTA, Metcalf WG (1984) Winter mixed layer entrainment of Weddell deep water. J Geophys Res 89:637–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gow AJ, Ackley SF, Weeks WF, Govoni JW (1982) Physieal and structural characteristics of Antarctic sea ice. Ann Glaciol 3:113–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant WS, Horner RA (1976) Growth responses to salinity variations in four Arctic ice diatoms. J Phycol 12:180–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossi SM, Sullivan CW (1985) Sea ice microbial communities. V. The vertical zonation of diatoms in an Antarctic fast ice community. J Phycol 21:401–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamner WM, Hamner PP, Strand SW, Gilmer RW (1983) Behavior of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba: chemoreception, feeding, schooling, and molting. Science 220:433–435

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamner WM, Hamner PP, Obst BS, Carleton JH (1989) Field observations on the ontogeny of schooling Euphausia superba furciliae and its relationship to ice in Antarctic waters. Limnol Oceanogr 34:451–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemleben CH, Spindler M, Anderson RO (1989) Modem planktonic foraminifera. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hempel G (1985) On the biology of polar seas, particularly the Southern Ocean. In: Gray JS, Christiansen ME (eds) Marine biology of polar regions and effects of stress on marine organisms. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, p 3–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Hempel G, Stonehouse B (1987) Aerial counts of penguins, seals and whales in the eastern Weddell Sea. In: Schnack-Schiel S (ed) The winter-expedition of RV “Polarstern” to the Antarctic (ANT V/1–3). Ber Polarforsch 39: 227–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs PV (1974) Ice physics. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins TL (1985) The zooplankton community of Croker Passage, Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 4:161–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner R (1985) Ecology of sea ice microalgae. In: Horner R (ed) Seaice biota. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 83–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoshiai T (1985) Autumnal proliferation of ice-algae in Antarctic sea-ice. In: Siegfried WR, Condy PR, Laws RM (eds) Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 89–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubold G (1985) The early life-history of the high-antarctic silverfish, Pleuragramma antarcticum. In: Siegfried WR, Condy PR, Laws RM (eds) Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 445–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacka TH, Allison I, Thwaites R, Wilson JC (1987) Characteristics of the seasonal sea ice of East Antarctica and comparisons with satellite observations. Ann Glaciol 9:85–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacques G (1983) Some ecophysiological aspects of the Antarctic phytoplankton. Polar Biol 2:27–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacques G, Panouse M (1989) Phytoplankton, protozooplankton and bacterioplankton. In: Hempel I, Schalk PH, Smetacek V (eds) The expedition Antarktis VII/3 (EPOS leg 2) of RV “Polarstern” in 1988/89. Ber Polarforsch 65:61–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Joiris CR (in press) Spring distribution and ecological role of seabirds and marine mammals in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 11:415–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellermann A (1990) Food and feeding dynamics of the larval Antarctic frsh Nototheniops larseni. Mar Biol 106:159–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kipfstuhl J (1991) Zur Entstehung von Unterwassereis und das Wachstum und die Energiebilanz in der Atka Bucht, Antarktis. Ber Polarforsch 85 (in German with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klages N (1989) Food and feeding ecology of emperor penguins in the eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biol 9:385–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • König-Langlo G, Ivanov B, Zachek A (in press) Energy exchange over Antarctic sea ice in late winter. In: Proc Int Conf Role Polar Reg. Global Change

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottmeier C, Hartig R (1988) Drifting buoy data. Ber Polarforsch 46:5–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottmeier C, Hartig R (1990) Winter observations of the atmosphere over Antarctic sea ice. J Geophys Res 95:16551–16560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kottmeier ST, Sullivan CW (1988) Sea ice microbial communities (SIMCO). 9. Effects of temperature and salinity on rates of metabolism and growth of autotrophs and heterotrophs. Polar Biol 8:293–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lake RA, Lewis EL (1970) Sait rejection by sea ice during growth. J Geophys Res 75:583–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancelot C, Veth C, Mathot S (in press) Modelling ice edge phytoplankton blooms in the Scotia-Weddell Sea sector of the Southern Ocean during spring 1988. J Mar Syst 2:333–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange MA, Eicken H (1991a) The sea ice thickness distribution in the northwestern Weddell Sea. J Geophys Res 96: 4821–4837

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange MA, Ackley SF, Wadhams P, Dieckmann GS, Eicken H (1989) Development of sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Ann Glaciol 12:92–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange MA, Eicken H (1991b) Textural characteristics of sea ice and the major mechanisms of ice growth in the Weddell Sea. Ann Glaciol 15:204–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws RM (1984) Seals. In: Laws RM (ed) Antarctic ecology, vol 2. Academic Press, London, pp 621–715

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis EL, Perkin RG (1986) Ice pumps and their rates. J Geophys Res 91:11756–11762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lizotte MP, Sullivan CW (1991) Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in microalgae associated with Antarctic pack ice: evidence for in situ activity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 71:175–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marschall HP (1988) The overwintering strategy of Antarctic krill under the pack-ice of the Weddell Sea. Polar Biol 9:129–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin JH, Gordon RM, Fitzwater SE (1990) Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345:156–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moretskii VN (1965) Underwater sea ice (in Russian). Probl Arkt Antarkt 19:32–38 (English translation, Dir Sci Inf Serv Ottawa 1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortain-Bertrand A (1989) Effects of light fluctuations on the growth and productivity of Antarctic diatoms in culture. Polar Biol 9:245–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy EJ, Morris DJ, Watkins JL, Priddle J (1988) Scales of interaction between Antarctic krill and the environment. In: Sahrhage D (ed) Antarctic Ocean and resources variability. Springer, Berlin, pp 120–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Niedrauer TM, Martin S (1979) An experimental study of brine drainage and convection in young sea ice. J Geophys Res 84: 1176–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nöthig EM, Bathmann U, Jennings J, Fahrbach E, Gradinger R, Gordon L, Makarov R (in press) Regional relationships between biological and hydrographical properties in the Weddell Gyre in late austral winter 1989. J Mar Chem 35:325–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson CL (in press) Strengths and weaknesses of sea ice as a potential early indicator of climate change. In: Proc Int Conf Role Polar Reg. Global Change

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson WSB (1981) The physics of glaciers. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Perovich DK (1990) Theoretical estimates of light reflection and transmission by spatially complex and temporally varying sea ice covers. J Geophys Res 95:9557–9567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perovich DK, Gow AJ (1991) A statistical description of the microstructure of young sea ice. J Geophys Res 96:16943–16953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priddle J, Croxall JP, Everson I, Heywood RB, Murphy EJ, Prince PA, Sear CB (1988) Large-scale fluctuations in distribution and abundance of krill - a discussion of possible causes. In: Sahrhage D (ed) Antarctic Ocean and resources variability. Springer, Berlin, pp 169–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeburgh WS (1984) Fluxes associated with brine motion in growing sea ice. Polar Biol 3:29–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reijnders PJH, Plötz J, Zegers J, Gräfe M (1990) Breeding biology of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) at Drescher Inlet, Riiser Larsen ice shelf, Antarctica. Polar Biol 10:301–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimnitz E, Kempema EW, Weber WS, Clayton JR, Payne JR (1990) Suspended-matter scavenging by rising frazil ice. In: Ackley SF, Weeks SF (eds) Sea ice properties and processes. CRREL Monogr 90–1, pp 97–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Riebesell U, Schloss I, Smetacek V (1991) Aggregation of algae released from melting sea ice: implications for seeding and sedimentation. Polar Biol 11:239–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivkin RB, Putt M (1987) Photosynthesis and cell division by Antarctic microalgae: comparison of benthic, planktonic and ice algae. J Phycol 23:223–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG (1990) The diatoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakshaug E, Holm-Hansen O (1984) Factors governing pelagic production in polar oceans. In: Holm-Hansen O, Bolis L, Gilles R (eds) Marine phytoplankton and productivity. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakshaug E, Holm-Hansen O (1986) Photoadaptation in Antarctic phytoplankton: variations in growth rate, chemical composition and P versus I curves. J Plankton Res 8:459–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schalk PH (1990) Biological activity in the Antarctic zooplankton community. Polar Biol 10:405–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scharek R (1991) Die Entwicklung des Phytoplanktons im östlichen Weddellmeer (Antarktis) beim Übergang vom Spätwinter zum Frühjahr. Ber Polarforsch 94 (in German with English abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneppenheim R, MacDonald CM (1984) Genetic variation and population structure of krill (Euphausia superba) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters and off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 3:19–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwerdtfeger W (1984) Weather and climate of the Antarctic. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen HT, Ackermann NL (1990) Wave–induced sediment enrichment in coastal ice covers. In: Ackley SF, Weeks WF (eds) Sea ice properties and processes. CRREL Monogr 90–1, p 100–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel V, Bergström B, Strömberg JO, Schalk PH (1990) Distribution, size frequencies and maturity stages of krill, Euphausia superba, in relation to sea-ice in the northern Weddell Sea. Polar Biol 10:549–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Siniff DB, Cline DR, Erickson AW (1970) Population densities of seals in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in 1968. In: Holdgate MW (ed) Antarctic ecology, vol 1. Academic Press, London, pp 415–428

    Google Scholar 

  • Smetacek V, Scharek R, Nöthig EM (1990) Seasonal and regional variation in the pelagial and its relationship to the life history cycle of krill. In: Kerry KR, Hempel G (eds) Antarctic ecosystems- ecological change and conservation. Springer, Berlin, pp 103–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Smetacek V, Scharek R, Gordon LI, Eicken H, Fahrbach E, Rohardt G, Moore S (in press) Early spring phytoplankton blooms in ice platelet layers of the southern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Res

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith WO Jr, Nelson DM (1986) Importance of ice edge phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean. BioScience 36:251–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SooHoo JB, Palmisano AC, Kottmeier ST, Lizotte MP, SooHoo SL, Sullivan CW (1987) Spectral light absorption and quantum yield of photosynthesis in sea ice microalgae and a a bloom of Phaeocystis pouchetii from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 39:175–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spindler M, Dieckmann GS, Lange MA (1990) Seasonal and geographic variations in sea ice community structure of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In: Kerry KR, Hempel G (eds) Antarctic ecosystems- ecological change and conservation. Springer, Berlin, pp 129–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Stretch JJ, Hamner PP, Hamner WM, Michel WC, Cook J, Sullivan CW (1988) Foraging behaviour of krill Euphausia superba on sea ice microalgae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 44:131–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan CW, Palmisano AC, Kottmeier ST, McGrath Grossi S, Moe R (1985) The influence of light on growth and development of the sea-ice microbial community of McMurdo Sound. In: Siegfried WR, Condy PR, Laws RM (eds) Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 84–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan CW, McClain CR, Comiso JC, Smith Jr. WO (1988) Phytoplankton standing crops within an Antarctic ice edge assessed by satellite remote sensing. J Geophys Res 93:12487–12498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanimura A, Minoda T, Fukuchi M, Hoshiai T, Ontsuka H (1984) Swarm of Paralabidocera antarctica (Calanoida, Copepoda) under sea ice near Syowa Station, Antarctica. Antarct Rec 82:12–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilzer MM, Bodungen B von, Smetacek V (1985) Light-dependence of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Antarctic Ocean: implications for regulating productivity. In: Siegfried WR, Condy PR, Laws RM (eds) Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 60–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Trodahl HJ, Buckley RG, Vignaux M (1989) Anisotropic lignt radiance in and under sea ice. Cold Reg Sci Technol 16:305–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veth C (1991) The evolution of the upper water layer in the marginal ice zone, austral spring 1988, Scotia - Weddell Sea. J Mar Syst 2:451–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wadhams P, Lange MA, Ackley SF (1987) The ice thickness distribution across the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic ocean in midwinter. J Geophys Res 92:14535–14552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakatsuchi M, Kawamura T (1987) Formation processes of brine drainage channels in sea ice. J Geophys Res 92:7195–7197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks WF, Ackley SF (1982) The growth, structure and properties of sea ice, CRREL Monogr 82–1, Cold Reg Res Eng Lab, Hanover, NH

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki H, Osborn TR (1988) Review of oceanic turbulence: implications for biodynamics. In: Rothschild BJ (ed) Toward a theory on biological-physical interactions in the world ocean. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (NATO ASI C239), pp 215–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwally HJ, Parkinson CL, Comiso JC (1983) Variability of Antarctic sea ice and changes in carbon dioxide. Science 220:1005–1012

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwally HJ, Comiso JC, Gordon AL (1985) Antarctic offshore leads and polynyas and oceanographie effects. In: Jacobs SS (ed) Oceanology of the Antarctic continental shelf. Antarct Res Ser 43: 203–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwally HJ, Comiso JC, Parkinson CL, Campbell WJ, Carsey FD, Gloersen P (1983) Antarctic sea ice 1973–1976: Satellite passive-microwave observations. Nation Aeronaut Space Admin, Washington (NASA SP-459)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Columbusstrasse, W-2850, Bremerhaven, Federal Republic of Germany

    Hajo Eicken

Authors
  1. Hajo Eicken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Polarökologie, Universität Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1-3 Gebäude 12, W-2300, Kiel 1, Germany

    Gotthilf Hempel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag

About this paper

Cite this paper

Eicken, H. (1992). The role of sea ice in structuring Antarctic ecosystems. In: Hempel, G. (eds) Weddell Sea Ecology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77595-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77595-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-77597-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-77595-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation