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Oncofetal and Other Tumor-Associated Antigens of the Human Digestive System

  • Conference paper
Pathology of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Pathology ((CT PATHOLOGY,volume 63))

Abstract

Immunology, in all its facets of immunochemistry, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, immunodiagnosis, and immunotherapy, is currently the most rapidly advancing discipline of clinical and experimental oncology. But as in most developing subjects, it is continually beset with problems of methodology and nomenclature, both of which are often intertwined. Indicative of this problem are our circular definitions of antigen and antibody. Another frequent problem is the use of the words “specific” and “associated” when characterizing reactions to tumors or the antigenic properties of neoplasms. When applied to cancer, these terms are obviously very dependent upon the methods used to demonstrate these qualities. Indeed, the very diverse nature and multitude of types of cancer preclude our making generalizations or categorical statements regarding tumor “specificity.” Similar problems arise when one considers that many antigens found in malignant tumors share certain properties with embryonic or fetal tissues. First, these observations emphasize a lack of true tumor specificity, for which reason the category of oncofetal antigens has been established. Second, whether or not such antigens are truly oncofetal depends upon the method of detection used, and it has been found that here too specificity decreases as the antigen assay increases in sensitivity. Thus, whether substances can be truly oncofetal in nature still remains a matter of debate, and such terms must therefore be used in an operational sense. The words of Aldous Huxley (1924) during his travels “Along the Road” appropriately express these relationships:

“Most of our mistakes are fundamentally grammatical. We create our own difficulties by employing an inadequate language to describe facts. Thus, to take one example, we are constantly giving the same name to more than one thing, and more than one name to the same thing. The results, when we come to argue, are deplorable. For we are using a language which does not adequately describe the things about which we are arguing.”

Some of the author’s investigations discussed in this paper were supported by U.S. Public Health Service Grants CA-15799 and CA-17742 from the National Cancer Institute.

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Goldenberg, D.M. (1976). Oncofetal and Other Tumor-Associated Antigens of the Human Digestive System. In: Morson, B.C. (eds) Pathology of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract. Current Topics in Pathology, vol 63. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66481-6_9

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