Skip to main content

Schizoaffective Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bipolar Disorder
  • 3740 Accesses

Abstract

It is well known that Kraepelin divided the psychoses into dementia praecox and manic–depressive illness on the basis of a supposed progressive deterioration for the first and a better long-term outcome for the latter. However, even Kraepelin himself reported that his clinical experience included many patients with features of both disorders. These patients were so many that he characterized their frequency as ‘displeasing’. These cases have attracted the interest of researchers in the last few decades, but their diagnostic status is still uncertain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Angst J (1980) Course of unipolar depressive, bipolar manic-depressive, and schizoaffective disorders. Results of a prospective longitudinal study (author’s transl). Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr Grenzgeb 48(1):3–30. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1002365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J (1986a) The course of affective disorders. Psychopathology 19(Suppl 2):47–52

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J (1986b) The course of schizoaffective disorders. In: Marneros A, Tsuang MT (eds) Schizoaffective psychoses. Springer, Berlin, pp 18–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Angst J (2002) Historical aspects of the dichotomy between manic-depressive disorders and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 57(1):5–13. doi:S0920996402003286 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Felder W, Lohmeyer B (1979) Schizoaffective disorders. Results of a genetic investigation, I. J Affect Disord 1(2):139–153. doi:0165-0327(79)90033-8 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Felder W, Lohmeyer B (1980) Course of schizoaffective psychoses: results of a followup study. Schizophr Bull 6(4):579–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armbruster B, Gross G, Huber G (1983) Long-term prognosis and course of schizo-affective, schizophreniform, and cycloid psychoses. Psychiatr Clin (Basel) 16(2–4):156–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astrup C, Noreik K (1966) Functional psychoses: diagnostic and prognostic models. Charles C Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrup C, Fossum A, Holmboe R (1959) A follow-up of 270 patients with acute affective psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 34(135):1–65

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Averill PM, Reas DL, Shack A, Shah NN, Cowan K, Krajewski K, Kopecky C, Guynn RW (2004) Is schizoaffective disorder a stable diagnostic category: a retrospective examination. Psychiatr Q 75(3):215–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Avery D, Winokur G (1976) Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33(9):1029–1037

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballenger JC, Reus VI, Post RM (1982) The “atypical” clinical picture of adolescent mania. Am J Psychiatry 139(5):602–606

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett JH, Smoller JW (2009) The genetics of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience 164(1):331–343. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.080, S0306-4522(09)00576-4 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron M, Gruen R, Asnis L, Kane J (1982) Schizoaffective illness, schizophrenia and affective disorders: morbidity risk and genetic transmission. Acta Psychiatr Scand 65(4):253–262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berner P, Lenz G (1986) Definitions of schizoaffective psychosis: mutual concordance and relationship to schizophrenia and affective disorder. In: Marneros A, Tsuang MT (eds) Schizoaffective psychoses. Springer, Berlin, pp 18–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrios GE, Beer D (1994) The notion of a unitary psychosis: a conceptual history. Hist Psychiatry 5(17 Pt 1):13–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brockington IF, Kendell RE, Wainwright S (1980) Depressed patients with schizophrenic or paranoid symptoms. Psychol Med 10(4):665–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brockington IF, Helzer JE, Hillier VF, Francis AF (1982) Definitions of depression: concordance and prediction of outcome. Am J Psychiatry 139(8):1022–1027

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson GA, Strober M (1978) Affective disorder in adolescence: issues in misdiagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry 39(1):59–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheniaux E, Landeira-Fernandez J, Lessa Telles L, Lessa JL, Dias A, Duncan T, Versiani M (2008) Does schizoaffective disorder really exist? A systematic review of the studies that compared schizoaffective disorder with schizophrenia or mood disorders. J Affect Disord 106(3):209–217. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.009, S0165-0327(07)00262-5 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark JA, Mallett BL (1963) A follow up study of schizophrenia and depression in young adults. Br J Psychiatry 109:491–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton PJ (1982) Schizoaffective disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 170(11):646–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell W, Tsuang MT (1982) Primary unipolar depression and the prognostic importance of delusions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39(10):1181–1184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell W, Lavori P, Endicott J, Keller M, VanEerdewegh M (1984) Outcome in schizoaffective, psychotic, and nonpsychotic depression. Course during a six- to 24-month follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(8):787–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craddock N, O’Donovan MC, Owen MJ (2009) Psychosis genetics: modeling the relationship between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and mixed (or “schizoaffective”) psychoses. Schizophr Bull 35(3):482–490. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp020, sbp020 [pii]

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croughan JL, Robins E (1974) The group of schizoaffective and related psychoses–critique, record, follow-up and family studies. II Record studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31(5):632–637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutting JC, Clare AW, Mann AH (1978) Cycloid psychosis: an investigation of the diagnostic concept. Psychol Med 8(4):637–648

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott J, Forman JB, Spitzer RL (1978) Research approaches to diagnostic classification in schizophrenia. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 14(5):41–57

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gift TE, Strauss JS, Kokes RF, Harder DW, Ritzler BA (1980) Schizophrenia: affect and outcome. Am J Psychiatry 137(5):580–585

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman LS, Harrow M, Fudala JL, Meltzer HY (1984) The longitudinal course of schizoaffective disorders. A prospective follow-up study. J Nerv Ment Dis 172(3):140–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamshere ML, O’Donovan MC, Jones IR, Jones L, Kirov G, Green EK, Moskvina V, Grozeva D, Bass N, McQuillin A, Gurling H, St Clair D, Young AH, Ferrier IN, Farmer A, McGuffin P, Sklar P, Purcell S, Holmans PA, Owen MJ, Craddock N (2011) Polygenic dissection of the bipolar phenotype. Br J Psychiatry 198(4):284–288. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.087866, 198/4/284 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himmelhoch JM, Fuchs CZ, May SJ, Symons BJ, Neil JF (1981) When a schizoaffective diagnosis has meaning. J Nerv Ment Dis 169(5):277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmboe R, Astrup C (1957) A follow-up study of 255 patients with acute schizophrenia and schizophreniform psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand Suppl 115:9–61

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmboe R, Noreik K, Astrup C (1968) Follow-up of functional psychoses at two Norwegian mental hospitals. Acta Psychiatr Scand 44(3):298–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jabs BE, Pfuhlmann B, Bartsch AJ, Cetkovich-Bakmas MG, Stober G (2002) Cycloid psychoses – from clinical concepts to biological foundations. J Neural Transm 109(5–6):907–919. doi:10.1007/s007020200074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspers K (1973) Allgemeine psychopathologie, 9th edn. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Joyce PR (1984) Age of onset in bipolar affective disorder and misdiagnosis as schizophrenia. Psychol Med 14(1):145–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kant O (1940) Types and analyses of the clinical pictures of recovered schizophrenics. Psychiat Q 14:676–700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasanin J (1933) The acute schizoaffective psychoses. Am J Psychiatry 13:97–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasanin J (1994) The acute schizoaffective psychoses. 1933. Am J Psychiatry 151(6 Suppl):144–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendell RE (1986) The relationship of schizoaffective illnesses to schizophrenic and affective disorders. In: Marneros A, Tsuang MT (eds) Schizoaffective psychoses. Springer, Berlin, pp 18–30

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kendell RE, Gourlay J (1970) The clinical distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 117(538):261–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler K (1983) Prognostic prediction in RDC schizo-affective disorder on the basis of first-rank symptoms weighted in terms of outcome. Psychiatr Clin (Basel) 16(2–4):186–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lake CR, Hurwitz N (2006) Schizoaffective disorders are psychotic mood disorders; there are no schizoaffective disorders. Psychiatry Res 143(2–3):255–287. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.012, S0165-1781(05)00264-7 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langfeldt G (1937) The prognosis of schizophrenia and the factors influencing the course of the disease. Acta Psychiatr Neurol Scand Suppl 13:1–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Laursen TM, Labouriau R, Licht RW, Bertelsen A, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB (2005) Family history of psychiatric illness as a risk factor for schizoaffective disorder: a Danish register-based cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(8):841–848. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.841, 62/8/841 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonhard K (1957a) Cycloid psychoses, often erroneously considered as schizophrenia. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 9(12):359–365

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonhard K (1957b) Pathogenesis of manic-depressive disease. Nervenarzt 28(6):271–272

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malhi GS, Green M, Fagiolini A, Peselow ED, Kumari V (2008) Schizoaffective disorder: diagnostic issues and future recommendations. Bipolar Disord 10(1 Pt 2):215–230. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00564.x, BDI564 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A (1983) Kurt Schneider’s ‘Zwischen-Falle’, ‘mid-cases’ or ‘cases in between’. Psychiatr Clin (Basel) 16(2–4):87–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A (2003) The schizoaffective phenomenon: the state of the art. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 418:29–33. doi:177 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A (1988a) Syndrome shift in the long-term course of schizoaffective disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 238(2):97–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A, Rohde A, Deister A, Fimmers R, Junemann H (1988b) Long-term course of schizoaffective disorders. Part III: onset, type of episodes and syndrome shift, precipitating factors, suicidality, seasonality, inactivity of illness, and outcome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 237(5):283–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A (1991) Stability of diagnoses in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders. Cross-sectional versus longitudinal diagnosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241(3):187–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marneros A, Rottig S, Wenzel A, Bloink R, Brieger P (2004) Affective and schizoaffective mixed states. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 254(2):76–81. doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0462-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendlewicz J, Linkowski P, Wilmotte J (1980) Relationship between schizoaffective illness and affective disorders or schizophrenia. Morbidity risk and genetic transmission. J Affect Disord 2(4):289–302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller HJ (2008) Systematic of psychiatric disorders between categorical and dimensional approaches: Kraepelin’s dichotomy and beyond. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 258(Suppl 2):48–73. doi:10.1007/s00406-008-2004-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller HJ, Werner-Eilert K, Wuschner-Stockheim M, von Zerssen D (1982) Relevant predictors of the 5 year outcome of patients with schizophrenic or similar paranoid psychoses (author’s transl). Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 231(4):305–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noreik K, Astrup C, Dalgard OS, Holmboe R (1967) A prolonged follow-up of acute schizophrenic and schizophreniform psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 43(4):432–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perris C (1966) A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses. Introduction. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 194:9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope HG Jr, Lipinski JF Jr (1978) Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of ‘schizophrenic’ symptoms in the light of current research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35(7):811–828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pope HG Jr, Lipinski JF, Cohen BM, Axelrod DT (1980) “Schizoaffective disorder”: an invalid diagnosis? A comparison of schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, and affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 137(8):921–927

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Post F (1971) Schizo-affective symptomatology in late life. Br J Psychiatry 118(545):437–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichenberg A, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Mojtabai R, Rabinowitz J, Heaton RK, Bromet E (2009) Neuropsychological function and dysfunction in schizophrenia and psychotic affective disorders. Schizophr Bull 35(5):1022–1029. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn044, sbn044 [pii]

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharfetter C, Nusperli M (1980) The group of schizophrenias, schizoaffective psychoses, and affective disorders. Schizophr Bull 6(4):586–591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider K (1973) Klinische psychopathologie, 10th edn. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonsen C, Sundet K, Vaskinn A, Birkenaes AB, Engh JA, Faerden A, Jonsdottir H, Ringen PA, Opjordsmoen S, Melle I, Friis S, Andreassen OA (2011) Neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar and schizophrenia spectrum disorders depends on history of psychosis rather than diagnostic group. Schizophr Bull 37(1):73–83. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp034 sbp034

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Andreasen NC, Endicott J (1978a) Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders in DSM-III. Schizophr Bull 4(4):489–510

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robins E (1978b) Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35(6):773–782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Studentkowski G, Scheele D, Calabrese P, Balkau F, Hoffler J, Aubel T, Edel MA, Juckel G, Assion HJ (2010) Cognitive impairment in patients with a schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with bipolar patients in euthymia. Eur J Med Res 15(2):70–78

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szoke A, Meary A, Trandafir A, Bellivier F, Roy I, Schurhoff F, Leboyer M (2008) Executive deficits in psychotic and bipolar disorders – implications for our understanding of schizoaffective disorder. Eur Psychiatry 23(1):20–25. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.10.006, S0924-9338(07)01422-8 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrent C, Martinez-Aran A, Amann B, Daban C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Salamero M, McKenna P, Vieta E (2007) Cognitive impairment in schizoaffective disorder: a comparison with non-psychotic bipolar and healthy subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 116(6):453–460. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01072.x, ACP1072 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang MT, Dempsey GM (1979) Long-term outcome of major psychoses. II. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and a surgical control group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36(12):1302–1304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang MT, Dempsey M, Rauscher F (1976) A study of “atypical schizophrenia”. Comparison with schizophrenia and affective disorder by sex, age of admission, precipitant, outcome, and family history. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33(10):11157–11160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang MT, Dempsey GM, Dvoredsky A, Struss A (1977) A family history study of schizo-affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 12(3):331–338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuang MT, Woolson RF, Fleming JA (1979) Long-term outcome of major psychoses. I Schizophrenia and affective disorders compared with psychiatrically symptom-free surgical conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36(12):1295–1301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant GE (1962) The prediction of recovery in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 135:534–543

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welner A, Croughan J, Fishman R, Robins E (1977a) The group of schizoaffective and related psychoses: a follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry 18(5):413–422. doi:0010-440X(77)90039-6 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welner A, Welner Z, Leonard MA (1977b) Bipolar manic-depressive disorder: a reassessment of course and outcome. Compr Psychiatry 18(4):327–332. doi:0010-440X(77)90003-7 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Welner A, Welner Z, Fishman R (1979) The group of schizoaffective and related psychoses: IV. A family study. Compr Psychiatry 20(1):21–26. doi:0010-440X(79)90056-7 [pii]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winokur G, Scharfetter C, Angst J (1985) A family study of psychotic symptomatology in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, unipolar depression, and bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 234(5):295–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fountoulakis, K.N. (2015). Schizoaffective Disorder. In: Bipolar Disorder. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37215-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37216-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics