Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Special Issues

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bipolar Disorder

Abstract

It is well known that concerning the prevalence of unipolar depression, females have almost double rates in comparison to males. However, this does not hold true concerning BD, for which similar rates between males and females are reported. There are some data suggesting that males might be over-represented in those diagnosed with a BD-I and females over-represented in those diagnosed with a BD-II disorder.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akiskal HS, Benazzi F (2005) Atypical depression: a variant of bipolar II or a bridge between unipolar and bipolar II? J Affect Disord 84(2–3):209–217

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akiskal HS, Pinto O (1999) The evolving bipolar spectrum. Prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22(3):517–534, vii

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akiskal HS, Benazzi F, Perugi G, Rihmer Z (2005) Agitated “unipolar” depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state: implications for the antidepressant-suicide controversy. J Affect Disord 85(3):245–258

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade C, Bhakta SG, Singh NM (2006) Controversy revisited: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in paediatric depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 7(4):251–260. doi:10.1080/15622970600702690, J271045WTR587355 [pii]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angst J, Angst F, Gerber-Werder R, Gamma A (2005) Suicide in 406 mood-disorder patients with and without long-term medication: a 40 to 44 years’ follow-up. Arch Suicide Res 9(3):279–300

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aprahamian I, Ladeira RB, Diniz BS, Forlenza OV, Nunes PV (2014) Cognitive impairment in euthymic older adults with bipolar disorder: a controlled study using cognitive screening tests. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 22(4):389–397. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.08.013

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arango C, Fraguas D, Parellada M (2014) Differential neurodevelopmental trajectories in patients with early-onset bipolar and schizophrenia disorders. Schizophr Bull 40(Suppl 2):S138–S146. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt198

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azorin JM, Findling RL (2007) Valproate use in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. CNS Drugs 21(12):1019–1033, 21125 [pii]

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badawi MA, Eaton WW, Myllyluoma J, Weimer LG, Gallo J (1999) Psychopathology and attrition in the Baltimore ECA 15-year follow-up 1981–1996. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 34(2):91–98

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balazs J, Benazzi F, Rihmer Z, Rihmer A, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS (2006) The close link between suicide attempts and mixed (bipolar) depression: implications for suicide prevention. J Affect Disord 91(2–3):133–138

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard ED, Ionescu DF, Vande Voort JL, Niciu MJ, Richards EM, Luckenbaugh DA, Brutsche NE, Ameli R, Furey ML, Zarate CA Jr (2014) Improvement in suicidal ideation after ketamine infusion: relationship to reductions in depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.027

    Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, Sainsbury P (1974) A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry 125:355–373

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartels SJ, Dums AR, Oxman TE, Schneider LS, Arean PA, Alexopoulos GS, Jeste DV (2002) Evidence-based practices in geriatric mental health care. Psychiatr Serv 53(11):1419–1431

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barzman DH, DelBello MP, Adler CM, Stanford KE, Strakowski SM (2006) The efficacy and tolerability of quetiapine versus divalproex for the treatment of impulsivity and reactive aggression in adolescents with co-occurring bipolar disorder and disruptive behavior disorder(s). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 16(6):665–670. doi:10.1089/cap.2006.16.665

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baskaran A, Cha DS, Powell AM, Jalil D, McIntyre RS (2014) Sex differences in rates of obesity in bipolar disorder: postulated mechanisms. Bipolar Disord 16(1):83–92. doi:10.1111/bdi.12141

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer M, Glenn T, Pilhatsch M, Pfennig A, Whybrow PC (2014) Gender differences in thyroid system function: relevance to bipolar disorder and its treatment. Bipolar Disord 16(1):58–71. doi:10.1111/bdi.12150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT (1997) Precipitating factors and life events in serious suicide attempts among youths aged 13 through 24 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(11):1543–1551

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benedetti F, Riccaboni R, Locatelli C, Poletti S, Dallaspezia S, Colombo C (2014) Rapid treatment response of suicidal symptoms to lithium, sleep deprivation, and light therapy (chronotherapeutics) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 75(2):133–140. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08455

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernal M, Haro JM, Bernert S, Brugha T, de Graaf R, Bruffaerts R, Lepine JP, de Girolamo G, Vilagut G, Gasquet I, Torres JV, Kovess V, Heider D, Neeleman J, Kessler R, Alonso J (2006) Risk factors for suicidality in Europe: results from the ESEMED study. J Affect Disord 101:27–34

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berrios GE, Bakshi N (1991) Manic and depressive symptoms in the elderly: their relationships to treatment outcome, cognition and motor symptoms. Psychopathology 24(1):31–38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer JL, Greenberg RL, Marino P, Bruce ML, Al Jurdi RK, Sajatovic M, Gyulai L, Mulsant BH, Gildengers A, Young RC (2014) Social support in late life mania: GERI-BD. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. doi:10.1002/gps.4093

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederman J, Wozniak J, Tarko L, Serra G, Hernandez M, McDermott K, Woodsworth KY, Uchida M, Faraone SV (2014) Re-examining the risk for switch from unipolar to bipolar major depressive disorder in youth with ADHD: a long term prospective longitudinal controlled study. J Affect Disord 152–154:347–351. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.036

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer D, Burchetti B, Service C et al (1991) The association of age in depression among the elderly: an epidemiologic exploration. J Gerontol 46:M210–M215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS (1994) The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 151(7):979–986

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Branconnierm R, Cole J, Ghazvinian D, Spera K, Oxenkrug G, Bass J (1983) Clinical pharmacology of bupropion and imipramine in elderly depressives. J Clin Psychiatry 44:130–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Brent DA, Perper JA, Moritz G, Allman C, Schweers J, Roth C, Balach L, Canobbio R, Liotus L (1993) Psychiatric sequelae to the loss of an adolescent peer to suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32(3):509–517

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brieger P, Marneros A (2005) Bipolar disorders in late life. In: Kasper S, Hirschfeld R (eds) Handbook of bipolar disorder: diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, New York, pp 83–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown R, Sweeney J, Loutsch E, Kocsis J, Frances A (1984) Involutional melancholia revisited. Am J Psychiatry 141:24–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bucker J, Popuri S, Muralidharan K, Kozicky JM, Baitz HA, Honer WG, Torres IJ, Yatham LN (2014) Sex differences in cognitive functioning in patients with bipolar disorder who recently recovered from a first episode of mania: data from the Systematic Treatment Optimization Program for Early Mania (STOP-EM). J Affect Disord 155:162–168. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.044

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burvill P, Hall W, Stampfer H, Emmerson J (1989) A comparison of early onset and late onset depressive illness in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 155:673–679

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson GA, Meyer SE (2006) Phenomenology and diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: complexities and developmental issues. Dev Psychopathol 18(4):939–969. doi:10.1017/S0954579406060470

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson GA, Findling RL, Post RM, Birmaher B, Blumberg HP, Correll C, DelBello MP, Fristad M, Frazier J, Hammen C, Hinshaw SP, Kowatch R, Leibenluft E, Meyer SE, Pavuluri MN, Wagner KD, Tohen M (2009) AACAP 2006 research forum–advancing research in early-onset bipolar disorder: barriers and suggestions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 19(1):3–12. doi:10.1089/cap.2008.100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carra G, Bartoli F, Crocamo C, Brady KT, Clerici M (2014) Attempted suicide in people with co-occurring bipolar and substance use disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 167C:125–135. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.066

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Savino M, Musetti L, Perugi G (1992) Proposed subtypes of bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord 26(2):127–140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castilla-Puentes R, Sala R, Ng B, Galvez J, Camacho A (2013) Anxiety disorders and rapid cycling: data from a cohort of 8129 youths with bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 201(12):1060–1065. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000052

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang KD (2008) The use of atypical antipsychotics in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 69(Suppl 4):4–8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charron M, Fortin L, Paquette I (1991) De novo mania among elderly people. Acta Psychiatr Scand 84(6):503–507

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng AT, Hawton K, Lee CT, Chen TH (2007) The influence of media reporting of the suicide of a celebrity on suicide rates: a population-based study. Int J Epidemiol 36(6):1229–1234. doi:10.1093/ije/dym196, dym196 [pii]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesney E, Goodwin GM, Fazel S (2014) Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review. World Psychiatry 13(2):153–160. doi:10.1002/wps.20128

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cipriani A, Pretty H, Hawton K, Geddes JR (2005) Lithium in the prevention of suicidal behavior and all-cause mortality in patients with mood disorders: a systematic review of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 162(10):1805–1819

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Correll CU, Hauser M, Penzner JB, Auther AM, Kafantaris V, Saito E, Olvet D, Carrion RE, Birmaher B, Chang KD, DelBello MP, Singh MK, Pavuluri M, Cornblatt BA (2014) Type and duration of subsyndromal symptoms in youth with bipolar I disorder prior to their first manic episode. Bipolar Disord 16(5):478–492. doi:10.1111/bdi.12194

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell W, Andreasen NC, Endicott J, Keller M (1987) The significance of past mania or hypomania in the course and outcome of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 144(3):309–315

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cravello L, Palmer K, de Girolamo G, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2011) Neuropsychiatric symptoms and syndromes in institutionalized elderly people without dementia. Int Psychogeriatr 23(3):425–434. doi:10.1017/S1041610210001304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL, Mendez MF (1984) Secondary mania with focal cerebrovascular lesions. Am J Psychiatry 141(9):1084–1087

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curran G, Ravindran A (2014) Lithium for bipolar disorder: a review of the recent literature. Expert Rev Neurother 14(9):1079–1098. doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.947965

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Adler CM, Stanford KE, Welge JA, Barzman DH, Nelson E, Strakowski SM (2006) A double-blind randomized pilot study comparing quetiapine and divalproex for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45(3):305–313. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000194567.63289.97, 00004583-200603000-00006 [pii]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DelBello MP, Adler CM, Whitsel RM, Stanford KE, Strakowski SM (2007) A 12-week single-blind trial of quetiapine for the treatment of mood symptoms in adolescents at high risk for developing bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 68(5):789–795

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depp CA, Jeste DV (2004) Bipolar disorder in older adults: a critical review. Bipolar Disord 6(5):343–367. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00139.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhingra U, Rabins PV (1991) Mania in the elderly: a 5–7 year follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc 39(6):581–583

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz-Caneja CM, Moreno C, Llorente C, Espliego A, Arango C, Moreno D (2014) Practitioner review: long-term pharmacological treatment of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 55(9):959–980. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12271

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickstein DP, Leibenluft E (2012) Beyond dogma: from diagnostic controversies to data about pediatric bipolar disorder and children with chronic irritability and mood dysregulation. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 49(1):52–61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickstein DP, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Grimley ME, Knopf L, Brotman MA, Rich BA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (2007) Cognitive flexibility in phenotypes of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(3):341–355. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31802d0b3d

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dols A, Kupka RW, van Lammeren A, Beekman AT, Sajatovic M, Stek ML (2014a) The prevalence of late-life mania: a review. Bipolar Disord 16(2):113–118. doi:10.1111/bdi.12104

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dols A, Rhebergen D, Beekman A, Kupka R, Sajatovic M, Stek ML (2014b) Psychiatric and medical comorbidities: results from a Bipolar Elderly Cohort Study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.12.176

    Google Scholar 

  • Donfrancesco R, Di Trani M, Andriola E, Leone D, Torrioli MG, Passarelli F, DelBello MP (2014a) Bipolar disorder in children with ADHD: a Clinical Sample Study. J Atten Disord. doi:10.1177/1087054714539999

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donfrancesco R, Marano A, Innocenzi M, Toni L, Di Lelio A, Milone A, Sposato M, Mazzotta G, Valenti V, Melegari MG, DelBello MP (2014b) A comparison of bipolar disorders in children in Italy and the United States. J Affect Disord 159:53–55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.003

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley M, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Andrews D, Perich T (2008) New-generation antidepressants, suicide and depressed adolescents: how should clinicians respond to changing evidence? Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42(6):456–466. doi:10.1080/00048670802050538, 792988748 [pii]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunner DL, Gershon ES, Goodwin FK (1976) Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. Biol Psychiatry 11(1):31–42

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endicott J, Nee J, Andreasen N, Clayton P, Keller M, Coryell W (1985) Bipolar II. Combine or keep separate? J Affect Disord 8(1):17–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FDA (2009) Antidepressant use in children, adolescents, and adults. http://www.fda.gov/CDER/Drug/antidepressants/default.htm. Accessed 1 Jan 2009

  • Ferrer P, Ballarin E, Sabate M, Vidal X, Rottenkolber M, Amelio J, Hasford J, Schmiedl S, Ibanez L (2014) Antiepileptic drugs and suicide: a systematic review of adverse effects. Neuroepidemiology 42(2):107–120. doi:10.1159/000356807

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findling RL, Youngstrom EA, McNamara NK, Stansbrey RJ, Wynbrandt JL, Adegbite C, Rowles BM, Demeter CA, Frazier TW, Calabrese JR (2012) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term maintenance study of aripiprazole in children with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 73(1):57–63. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findling RL, Correll CU, Nyilas M, Forbes RA, McQuade RD, Jin N, Ivanova S, Mankoski R, Carson WH, Carlson GA (2013) Aripiprazole for the treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder: a 30-week, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord 15(2):138–149. doi:10.1111/bdi.12042

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findling RL, Pathak S, Earley WR, Liu S, DelBello MP (2014) Efficacy and safety of extended-release quetiapine fumarate in youth with bipolar depression: an 8 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 24(6):325–335. doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor D, Hotaling G, Lewis IA, Smith C (1990) Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse Negl 14(1):19–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster J, Cataldo J, Boksay I (1991) Incidence of depression in a medical long-term facility: findings from a restricted sample of new admissions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, O’ Hara R, Iacovides A, Camilleri CP, Kaprinis S, Kaprinis G, Yesavage J (2003) Unipolar late-onset depression: a comprehensive review. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2:11

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Fotiou F, Nimatoudis J, Bascialla F, Ioannidou C, Kaprinis G, Bech P (2004) Neurobiological and psychological correlates of suicidal attempts and thoughts of death in patients with major depression. Neuropsychobiology 49(1):42–52. doi:10.1159/000075338

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Siamouli M, Rihmer Z (2008) Psychotherapeutic intervention and suicide risk reduction in bipolar disorder: a review of the evidence. J Affect Disord. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.014, S0165-0327(08)00268-1 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Siamouli M, Rihmer Z (2009) Psychotherapeutic intervention and suicide risk reduction in bipolar disorder: a review of the evidence. J Affect Disord 113(1–2):21–29. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.014

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Rihmer Z (2011) Suicide prevention programs through community intervention. J Affect Disord 130(1–2):10–16. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.009

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Samara M, Siapera M, Karavelas V, Ristic DI, Iacovides A (2012a) Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. J Psychopharmacol 26(11):1401–1407. doi:10.1177/0269881112440514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Pantoula E, Siamouli M, Moutou K, Gonda X, Rihmer Z, Iacovides A, Akiskal H (2012b) Development of the Risk Assessment Suicidality Scale (RASS): a population-based study. J Affect Disord 138(3):449–457. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.045

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Koupidis SA, Siamouli M, Grammatikopoulos IA, Theodorakis PN (2013) Suicide, recession, and unemployment. Lancet 381(9868):721–722. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60573-5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Dome P, Theodorakis PN, Rihmer Z (2014) Possible delayed effect of unemployment on suicidal rates: the case of Hungary. Ann Gen Psychiatry 13:12. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-13-12

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fraguas D, Correll CU, Merchan-Naranjo J, Rapado-Castro M, Parellada M, Moreno C, Arango C (2011) Efficacy and safety of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders: comprehensive review of prospective head-to-head and placebo-controlled comparisons. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 21(8):621–645. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.07.002

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frias A, Palma C, Farriols N (2014) Neurocognitive impairments among youth with pediatric bipolar disorder: a systematic review of neuropsychological research. J Affect Disord 166:297–306. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.025

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fristad MA, MacPherson HA (2014) Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for child and adolescent bipolar spectrum disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 43(3):339–355. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.822309

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galanter CA, Leibenluft E (2008) Frontiers between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 17(2):325–346, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.001

  • Geller B, Luby J (1997) Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(9):1168–1176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile S (2011) Clinical usefulness of second-generation antipsychotics in treating children and adolescents diagnosed with bipolar or schizophrenic disorders. Paediatr Drugs 13(5):291–302. doi:10.2165/11591250-000000000-00000

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerson S, Belin TR, Kaufman A, Mintz J, Jarvik L (1999) Pharmacological and psychological treatments for depressed older patients: a meta-analysis and overview of recent findings. Harv Rev Psychiatry 7(1):1–28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Erkens JA, Herings RM, Mann JJ (2007) Early evidence on the effects of regulators’ suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 164(9):1356–1363

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Duran EL, Forti-Buratti MA, Gutierrez-Lopez B, Belmonte-Ibanez A, Martin-Fumado C (2014) Psychiatric disorders in cases of completed suicide in a hospital area in Spain between 2007 and 2010. Revista de psiquiatria y salud mental. doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2014.02.001

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonda X, Fountoulakis KN, Kaprinis G, Rihmer Z (2007) Prediction and prevention of suicide in patients with unipolar depression and anxiety. Ann Gen Psychiatry 6:23. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-23

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould MS, Shaffer D (1986) The impact of suicide in television movies. Evidence of imitation. N Engl J Med 315(11):690–694

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould MS, Shaffer D, Fisher P, Garfinkel R (1998) Separation/divorce and child and adolescent completed suicide. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37(2):155–162

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald B, Kramer-Ginsberg E, Krishnan R, Ashtari M, Aupperle P, Patel M (1996) MRI signal hyperintensities in geriatric depression. Am J Psychiatry 153(9):1212–1215

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gum A, Arean PA (2004) Current status of psychotherapy for mental disorders in the elderly. Curr Psychiatry Rep 6(1):32–38

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen CL, Peters SD (1978) Interpersonal consequences of depression: responses to men and women enacting a depressed role. J Abnorm Psychol 87(3):322–332

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris J (2005) The increased diagnosis of “juvenile bipolar disorder”: what are we treating? Psychiatr Serv 56(5):529–531. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.5.529

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heikkinen M, Lonnqvist J (1995) Recent life events in elderly suicide: a Nationwide Study in Finland. Int Psychogeriatr 7:287–300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Marttunen MJ, Heikkinen ME, Isometsa ET, Kuoppasalmi KI, Lonnqvist JK (1993) Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. Am J Psychiatry 150(6):935–940

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holma KM, Haukka J, Suominen K, Valtonen HM, Mantere O, Melartin TK, Sokero TP, Oquendo MA, Isometsa ET (2014) Differences in incidence of suicide attempts between bipolar I and II disorders and major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord 16(6):652–661. doi:10.1111/bdi.12195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkinson G (1964) A genetic study of affective illness in patients over 50. Br J Psychiatry 110:244–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isometsa ET, Aro HM, Henriksson MM, Heikkinen ME, Lonnqvist JK (1994a) Suicide in major depression in different treatment settings. J Clin Psychiatry 55(12):523–527

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isometsa ET, Henriksson MM, Aro HM, Heikkinen ME, Kuoppasalmi KI, Lonnqvist JK (1994b) Suicide in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 151(4):530–536

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isometsa E, Sund R, Pirkola S (2014) Post-discharge suicides of inpatients with bipolar disorder in Finland. Bipolar Disord. doi:10.1111/bdi.12237

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacoby R, Levy R (1980) Computed tomography in the elderly-3: affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 136:270–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakoby R, Lewy R, Bird J (1980) Computed tomography in the elderly: affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 136:270–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakoby R, Lewy R, Bird J (1981) Computed tomography and the outcome of affective disorders: a follow-up study of elderly patients. Br J Psychiatry 139:288–292

    Google Scholar 

  • James A, Hoang U, Seagroatt V, Clacey J, Goldacre M, Leibenluft E (2014) A comparison of American and English hospital discharge rates for pediatric bipolar disorder, 2000 to 2010. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(6):614–624. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.02.008

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen PS, Buitelaar J, Pandina GJ, Binder C, Haas M (2007) Management of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with atypical antipsychotics: a systematic review of published clinical trials. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(2):104–120. doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0580-1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joiner TE Jr, Alfano MS, Metalsky GI (1992) When depression breeds contempt: reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. J Abnorm Psychol 101(1):165–173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan SJ, Pelcovitz D, Salzinger S, Mandel F, Weiner M (1997) Adolescent physical abuse and suicide attempts. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(6):799–808

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz I, Parmelee P (1994) Depression in elderly patients residential care settings. In: Schneider L, Reynolds C, Lebowitz B, Fiedhoff A (eds) Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: results of the NIH Consensus Development Conference. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 437–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz I, Lesher E, Kleban M, Jethanandani V, Parmelee P (1989) Clinical features of depression in the nursing home. Int Psychogeriatr 1:5–15

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellner MB, Neher F (1991) A first episode of mania after age 80. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatry 36(8):607–608

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khouzam HR, Emery PE, Reaves B (1994) Secondary mania in late life. J Am Geriatr Soc 42(1):85–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiloh L (1961) Pseudodementia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 37:336–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kishi Y, Robinson R, Kosier J (1996) Suicidal plans in patients with stroke: comparison between acute-onset and delayed-onset suicidal plans. Int Psychogeriatr 8(4):623–634

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchell M, Barnes R, Veith R et al (1982) Screening for depression in hospitalized geriatric medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 30:174–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koenig HG, Blazer DG (1992) Epidemiology of geriatric affective disorders. Clin Geriatr Med 8(2):235–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kok R, Heeren T, Hooijer C et al (1995) The prevalence of depression in elderly medical inpatients. J Affect Disord 33:77–82

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krauthammer C, Klerman GL (1978) Secondary mania: manic syndromes associated with antecedent physical illness or drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35(11):1333–1339

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kryzhanovskaya LA, Robertson-Plouch CK, Xu W, Carlson JL, Merida KM, Dittmann RW (2009) The safety of olanzapine in adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder: a pooled analysis of 4 clinical trials. J Clin Psychiatry 70(2):247–258

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lader M (1982) Differential diagnosis of anxiety in the elderly. J Clin Psychiatry 43:4–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leibenluft E (2008) Pediatric bipolar disorder comes of age. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(10):1122–1124. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.10.1122

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leibenluft E (2011) Severe mood dysregulation, irritability, and the diagnostic boundaries of bipolar disorder in youths. Am J Psychiatry 168(2):129–142. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050766

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leibenluft E, Rich BA (2008) Pediatric bipolar disorder. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 4:163–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leon AC, Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Li C, Coryell WH, Endicott J, Fawcett J, Keller MB (2014) Risk of suicidal behavior with antidepressants in bipolar and unipolar disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 75(7):720–727. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08744

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leung JG (2014) Donepezil-induced mania. Consult Pharm 29(3):191–195. doi:10.4140/TCP.n.2014.191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd C, Miller PM (1997) The relationship of parental style to depression and self-esteem in adulthood. J Nerv Ment Dis 185(11):655–663

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL (2002) Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 159(6):909–916

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyketsos CG, Corazzini K, Steele C (1995) Mania in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7(3):350–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyness J, Conwell Y, Nelson J (1992) Suicide attempts in elderly psychiatric inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:320–324

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand WR, Wirth L, Simon C (2004) Quetiapine adjunctive and monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14(3):405–411. doi:10.1089/cap.2004.14.405

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClellan J (2005) Commentary: treatment guidelines for child and adolescent bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(3):236–239. doi:10.1097/00004583-200503000-00007

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClellan J, Kowatch R, Findling RL, Work Group on Quality I (2007) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(1):107–125. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000242240.69678.c4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure EB, Treland JE, Snow J, Dickstein DP, Towbin KE, Charney DS, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (2005a) Memory and learning in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(5):461–469. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000156660.30953.91

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McClure EB, Treland JE, Snow J, Schmajuk M, Dickstein DP, Towbin KE, Charney DS, Pine DS, Leibenluft E (2005b) Deficits in social cognition and response flexibility in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162(9):1644–1651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1644

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormack PL (2010) Olanzapine: in adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. CNS Drugs 24(5):443–452. doi:10.2165/11204430-000000000-00000

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald WM, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM, Blazer DG (1991) Occurrence of subcortical hyperintensities in elderly subjects with mania. Psychiatry Res 40(4):211–220

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meinhard N, Kessing LV, Vinberg M (2014) The role of estrogen in bipolar disorder, a review. Nord J Psychiatry 68(2):81–87. doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.775341

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendlewicz J (1976) The age factor in depressive illness: some genetic consideration. J Gerontol 31:300–303

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer TD, Kossmann-Bohm S, Schlottke PF (2004) Do child psychiatrists in Germany diagnose bipolar disorders in children and adolescents? Results from a survey. Bipolar Disord 6(5):426–431. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00131.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirchandani IC, Young RC (1993) Management of mania in the elderly: an update. Ann Clin Psychiatry 5(1):67–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell PB, Loo CK, Gould BM (2010) Diagnosis and monitoring of bipolar disorder in general practice. Med J Aust 193(4 Suppl):S10–S13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modai I, Bleich A, Gygielman G (1982) Masked depression: an ambiguous entity. Psychother Psychosom 37:235–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller HJ (2006) Evidence for beneficial effects of antidepressants on suicidality in depressive patients: a systematic review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 256(6):329–343. doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0650-x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monfort J (1995) The difficult elderly patient: curable hostile depression or personality disorder? Int Psychogeriatr 7:95–111

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monkman M (1987) Epidemiology of suicide. Epidemiol Rev 9:51–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales OG, Henry ME, Nobler MS, Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH (2005) Electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children and adolescents: a review and report of two cases of epilepsia partialis continua. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 14(1):193–210, viii–ix. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.010, S1056-4993(04)00073-2 [pii]

  • Murphy E (1994) The course and outcome of depression in late life. In: Schneider L, Reynolds C, Lebowitz B, Friedhoff A (eds) Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life: results of the NIH Consensus Development Conference. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 81–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Musetti L, Perugi G, Soriani A, Rossi V, Cassano G (1989) Depression before and after age 65: a re-examination. Br J Psychiatry 155:330–336

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nazroo JY, Edwards AC, Brown GW (1997) Gender differences in the onset of depression following a shared life event: a study of couples. Psychol Med 27(1):9–19

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson J, Conwell Y, Kim K, Mazure C (1989) Age at onset in late life delusional depression. Am J Psychiatry 146:785–786

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng B, Camacho A, Lara DR, Brunstein MG, Pinto OC, Akiskal HS (2008) A case series on the hypothesized connection between dementia and bipolar spectrum disorders: bipolar type VI? J Affect Disord 107(1–3):307–315. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NIH (1992) Consensus development panel on depression in late life: diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life. JAMA 268:1018–1024

    Google Scholar 

  • Nivoli AM, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, Valenti M, Rosa AR, Hidalgo D, Virdis V, Strejilevich S, Vieta E, Colom F (2014) Bipolar disorder in the elderly: a cohort study comparing older and younger patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. doi:10.1111/acps.12272

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS (1994) The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychol Bull 115(3):424–443

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J, Grayson C (1999) Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol 77(5):1061–1072

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema S, Stice E, Wade E, Bohon C (2007) Reciprocal relations between rumination and bulimic, substance abuse, and depressive symptoms in female adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 116(1):198–207. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.198, 2007-01891-019 [pii]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom P, Samuelsson M, Asberg M, Traskman-Bendz L, Aberg-Wistedt A, Nordin C, Bertilsson L (1994) CSF 5-HIAA predicts suicide risk after attempted suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav 24(1):1–9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olie E, Seyller M, Beziat S, Loftus J, Bellivier F, Bougerol T, Azorin JM, Gard S, Kahn JP, Passerieux C, Leboyer M, Etain B, Henry C, Courtet P (2014) Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of euthymic bipolar patients having a history of severe suicide attempt. Acta Psychiatr Scand. doi:10.1111/acps.12326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozcan NK, Boyacioglu NE, Enginkaya S, Dinc H, Bilgin H (2014) Reproductive health in women with serious mental illnesses. J Clin Nurs 23(9–10):1283–1291. doi:10.1111/jocn.12332

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozerdem A, Tunca Z, Cimrin D, Hidiroglu C, Ergor G (2014) Female vulnerability for thyroid function abnormality in bipolar disorder: role of lithium treatment. Bipolar Disord 16(1):72–82. doi:10.1111/bdi.12163

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C (2004) Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(7):714–719

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker G, Fletcher K, McCraw S, Synnott H, Friend P, Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (2014) Screening for bipolar disorder: does gender distort scores and case-finding estimates? J Affect Disord 162:55–60. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.032

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee P, Kleban M, Lawton M, Katz I (1991) Depression and cognitive change among institutionalized aged. Psychol Aging 6:504–511

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee P, Kalz I, Lawton M (1992) Depression and mortality among institutionalized aged. J Gerontol Psychol Sci 47:P3–P10

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak S, Findling RL, Earley WR, Acevedo LD, Stankowski J, Delbello MP (2013) Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in children and adolescents with mania associated with bipolar I disorder: a 3-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 74(1):e100–e109. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, Winokur G (1997) The effect of gender and age at onset of depression on mortality. J Clin Psychiatry 58(8):355–360

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips DL, Segal BE (1969) Sexual status and psychiatric symptoms. Am Sociol Rev 34(1):58–72

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pike A, Plomin R (1996) Importance of nonshared environmental factors for childhood and adolescent psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35(5):560–570

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash O, Kumar CN, Shivakumar PT, Bharath S, Varghese M (2009) Clinical presentation of mania compared with depression: data from a geriatric clinic in India. Int Psychogeriatr 21(4):764–767. doi:10.1017/S1041610209009466

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabins R, Pearlson G, Aylward E, Kumar A, Dowell K (1991) Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly inpatients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 148:617–620

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp S, Parisi S, Walsh D (1988) Psychological dysfunction and physical health among elderly medical inpatients. J Consult Clin Psychol 56:851–855

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rej S, Butters MA, Aizenstein HJ, Begley A, Tsay J, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mulsant BH, Gildengers A (2014) Neuroimaging and neurocognitive abnormalities associated with bipolar disorder in old age. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 29(4):421–427. doi:10.1002/gps.4021

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds C (1992) Treatment of depression in special populations. J Clin Psychiatry 53(suppl 9):45–53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z (2007) Suicide risk in mood disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20(1):17–22

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z, Akiskal H (2006) Do antidepressants t(h)reat(en) depressives? Toward a clinically judicious formulation of the antidepressant-suicidality FDA advisory in light of declining national suicide statistics from many countries. J Affect Disord 94:3–13

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z, Pestality P (1999) Bipolar II disorder and suicidal behavior. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22(3):667–673, ix–x

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z, Barsi J, Arato M, Demeter E (1990) Suicide in subtypes of primary major depression. J Affect Disord 18(3):221–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z, Belso N, Kiss K (2002) Strategies for suicide prevention. Curr Opin Psychiatr 15:83–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z, Gonda X, Fountoulakis KN (2009) Suicide prevention programs through education in the frame of healthcare. Psychiatr Hung 24(6):382–387

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rihmer Z, Gonda X, Rihmer A, Fountoulakis KN (2010) Suicidal and violent behaviour in mood disorders: a major public health problem. A review for the clinician. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 14(2):88–94. doi:10.3109/13651501003624712

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roesler TA, McKenzie N (1994) Effects of childhood trauma on psychological functioning in adults sexually abused as children. J Nerv Ment Dis 182(3):145–150

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sackheim H, Prohonik I, Moeller J et al (1993) Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders II. Comparison of major depression and Alzheimer’s disease. J Nucl Med 34:1090–1101

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajatovic M, Blow F (2007) Bipolar disorder in later life. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Sajatovic M, Chen P (2011) Geriatric bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 34(2):319–333, vii. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.007

  • Sala R, Strober MA, Axelson DA, Gill MK, Castro-Fornieles J, Goldstein TR, Goldstein BI, Ha W, Liao F, Iyengar S, Yen S, Hower H, Hunt J, Dickstein DP, Ryan ND, Keller MB, Birmaher B (2014) Effects of comorbid anxiety disorders on the longitudinal course of pediatric bipolar disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 53(1):72–81. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.020

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salloway S, Malloy P, Kohn R, Gillard E, Duffy J, Rogg J, Tung G, Richardson E, Thomas C, Westlake R (1996) MRI and neuropsychological differences in early- and late-life-onset geriatric depression. Neurology 46(6):1567–1574

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuelsson M, Jokinen J, Nordstrom AL, Nordstrom P (2006) CSF 5-HIAA, suicide intent and hopelessness in the prediction of early suicide in male high-risk suicide attempters. Acta Psychiatr Scand 113(1):44–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders EF, Nazir R, Kamali M, Ryan KA, Evans S, Langenecker S, Gelenberg AJ, McInnis MG (2014) Gender differences, clinical correlates, and longitudinal outcome of bipolar disorder with comorbid migraine. J Clin Psychiatry 75(5):512–519. doi:10.4088/JCP.13m08623

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena S, Fleischmann A (2014) WHO launches the first world suicide report. Lancet (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer A, Sinyor M, Reis C, Goldstein BI, Levitt AJ (2014) Suicide in bipolar disorder: characteristics and subgroups. Bipolar Disord. doi:10.1111/bdi.12219

    Google Scholar 

  • Schenkel LS, Chamberlain TF, Towne TL (2014) Impaired theory of mind and psychosocial functioning among pediatric patients with type I versus type II bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 215(3):740–746. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.025

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seida JC, Schouten JR, Boylan K, Newton AS, Mousavi SS, Beaith A, Vandermeer B, Dryden DM, Carrey N (2012) Antipsychotics for children and young adults: a comparative effectiveness review. Pediatrics 129(3):e771–e784. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2158

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah A, De T (1998) Documented evidence of depression in medical and nursing case-notes and its implications in acutely ill geriatric inpatients. Int Psychogeriatr 10(2):163–172

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman KI (1997) Disinhibition syndromes, secondary mania and bipolar disorder in old age. J Affect Disord 46(3):175–182

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman K, Post F (1980) Bipolar affective disorder in old age. Br J Psychiatry 136:26–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman KI, Tohen M, Satlin A, Mallya G, Kalunian D (1992) Mania compared with unipolar depression in old age. Am J Psychiatry 149(3):341–345

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon J (1991) A retrospective case-note study of bipolar disorder in old age. Br J Psychiatry 158:485–490

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sondergard L, Lopez AG, Andersen PK, Kessing LV (2007) Continued antidepressant treatment and suicide in patients with depressive disorder. Arch Suicide Res 11(2):163–175

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens DC, Krishnan KR (1998) Structural neuroimaging and mood disorders: recent findings, implications for classification, and future directions. Biol Psychiatry 43(10):705–712

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone K (1989) Mania in the elderly. Br J Psychiatry 155:220–224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suwalska A, Lojko D (2014) Sex dependence of cognitive functions in bipolar disorder. Scientific World Journal 2014:418432. doi:10.1155/2014/418432

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tariot PN, Podgorski CA, Blazina L, Leibovici A (1993) Mental disorders in the nursing home: another perspective. Am J Psychiatry 150(7):1063–1069

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira AM, Kleinman A, Zanetti M, Jackowski M, Duran F, Pereira F, Lafer B, Busatto GF, Caetano SC (2014) Preserved white matter in unmedicated pediatric bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 579:41–45. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.061

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tidemalm D, Haglund A, Karanti A, Landen M, Runeson B (2014) Attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: risk factors in a cohort of 6,086 patients. PLoS One 9(4):e94097. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094097

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiihonen J, Lonnqvist J, Wahlbeck K, Klaukka T, Tanskanen A, Haukka J (2006) Antidepressants and the risk of suicide, attempted suicide, and overall mortality in a nationwide cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63(12):1358–1367

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tohen M, Shulman KI, Satlin A (1994) First-episode mania in late life. Am J Psychiatry 151(1):130–132

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tohen M, Kryzhanovskaya L, Carlson G, Delbello M, Wozniak J, Kowatch R, Wagner K, Findling R, Lin D, Robertson-Plouch C, Xu W, Dittmann RW, Biederman J (2007) Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of adolescents with bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry 164(10):1547–1556. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111932

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Minnai GP, Salis P, Scamonatti L, Masia M, Ghiani C, Mannu P (1999) Suicide attempts in major affective disorder patients with comorbid substance use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 60(Suppl 2):63–69; discussion 75–76, 113–116

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tondo L, Isacsson G, Baldessarini R (2003) Suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder: risk and prevention. CNS Drugs 17(7):491–511

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsapakis EM, Soldani F, Tondo L, Baldessarini RJ (2008) Efficacy of antidepressants in juvenile depression: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 193(1):10–17. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.031088, 193/1/10 [pii]

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Umamaheswari V, Avasthi A, Grover S (2014) Risk factors for suicidal ideations in patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 16(6):642–651. doi:10.1111/bdi.12179

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uradhyaya A, Abou-Saleh M, Wilson K, Grime S, Critchley M (1990) A study of depression in old age using SPECT. Br J Psychiatry 157(suppl 9):76–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Usala T, Clavenna A, Zuddas A, Bonati M (2008) Randomised controlled trials of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating depression in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18(1):62–73. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.06.001, S0924-977X(07)00125-3 [pii]

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant G, Orav J, Meyer S, McCullough Vaillant L, Roston D (1996) Late-life consequences of affective spectrum disorder. Int Psychogeriatr 8:13–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gerpen MW, Johnson JE, Winstead DK (1999) Mania in the geriatric patient population: a review of the literature. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 7(3):188–202

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Meter AR, Moreira AL, Youngstrom EA (2011) Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 72(9):1250–1256. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06290

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vieta E, Benabarre A, Colom F, Gasto C, Nieto E, Otero A, Vallejo J (1997) Suicidal behavior in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 185(6):407–409

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner KD, Redden L, Kowatch RA, Wilens TE, Segal S, Chang K, Wozniak P, Vigna NV, Abi-Saab W, Saltarelli M (2009) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex extended-release in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48(5):519–532. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c55ec

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weller RA, Weller EB, Tucker SG, Fristad MA (1986) Mania in prepubertal children: has it been underdiagnosed? J Affect Disord 11(2):151–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weyerer S, Hafner H, Mann A, Ames D, Graham N (1995) Prevalence and course of depression among elderly residential home admissions in Mannheim and Camden, London. Int Psychogeriatr 7:479–493

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (2014) Preventing suicide: a global imperative. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson G, Schulz R (1992) Pain, activity restriction and symptoms of depression among community-residing elderly adults. J Gerontol 47:367–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson DE, Birmaher B, Anderson BP, al-Shabbout M, Ryan ND (1995) Stressful life events in depressed adolescents: the role of dependent events during the depressive episode. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(5):591–598

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wozniak J, Biederman J, Kiely K, Ablon JS, Faraone SV, Mundy E, Mennin D (1995) Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34(7):867–876. doi:10.1097/00004583-199507000-00010

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yassa R, Nair NP, Iskandar H (1988) Late-onset bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 11(1):117–131

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yerevanian B, Koek R, Feusner J, Hwang S, Mintz J (2004) Antidepressants and suicidal behaviour in unipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 110:452–458

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RC (1992) Geriatric mania. Clin Geriatr Med 8(2):387–399

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RC (1997) Bipolar mood disorders in the elderly. Psychiatr Clin North Am 20(1):121–136

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young RC, Klerman GL (1992) Mania in late life: focus on age at onset. Am J Psychiatry 149(7):867–876

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman M, Martinez J, Young D, Chelminski I, Morgan TA, Dalrymple K (2014) Comorbid bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder and history of suicide attempts. J Pers Disord 28(3):358–364. doi:10.1521/pedi_2013_27_122

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Neurosciences 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Kostas N. Fountoulakis

Authors
  1. Kostas N. Fountoulakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fountoulakis, K.N. (2015). Special Issues. In: Bipolar Disorder. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_19

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37215-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37216-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation