Abstract
Bipolar disorder is complex, with different facets and stages, and it is not exactly known how this affects the everyday clinical practice. Its treatment is also complex, and unfortunately the hard data are insufficient to support all decisions. Reports at the case report level do exist, but they should not be considered sufficient. Rigorously collected data are available only for a limited number of agents and for selected aspects of the disease. There are a number of issues which are still open to discussion. These include the definition of maintenance and of refractoriness but mainly what is the most appropriate sequence of steps in the long-term treatment. The current chapter will systematically review the hard pharmaceutical data on the treatment of BD. As it will focus on efficacy data specifically for BD, only a brief description of the most important agents or groups of agents and their adverse events will be made, since these can be found easily in other books and sources.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Manic Patients with Bipolar Disorder (Protocol CN138077). Unpublished
Aan Het Rot M, Zarate CA Jr, Charney DS, Mathew SJ (2012) Ketamine for depression: where do we go from here? Biol Psychiatry 72(7):537–547. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.003, S0006-3223(12)00417-9 [pii]
Abdallah CG, Fasula M, Kelmendi B, Sanacora G, Ostroff R (2012) Rapid antidepressant effect of ketamine in the electroconvulsive therapy setting. J ECT 28(3):157–161. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e31824f8296
Aberg-Wistedt A (1982) Comparison between zimelidine and desipramine in endogenous depression. A cross-over study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 66(2):129–138
Adityanjee (1987) The syndrome of irreversible lithium effectuated neurotoxicity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50(9):1246–1247
Adityanjee (1989) The syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity (SILENT). Pharmacopsychiatry 22(2):81–83. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014583
Adityanjee, Munshi KR, Thampy A (2005) The syndrome of irreversible lithium-effectuated neurotoxicity. Clin Neuropharmacol 28(1):38–49
Agosti V, Stewart JW (2007) Efficacy and safety of antidepressant monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar-II depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22(5):309–311. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e3280c28410
Altinbas K, Guloksuz S, Oral ET (2013) Clinical potential of cariprazine in the treatment of acute mania. Psychiatr Danub 25(3):207–213
Altshuler LL, Ventura J, van Gorp WG, Green MF, Theberge DC, Mintz J (2004) Neurocognitive function in clinically stable men with bipolar I disorder or schizophrenia and normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 56(8):560–569. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.002, S0006-3223(04)00853-4 [pii]
Altshuler LL, Suppes T, Black DO, Nolen WA, Leverich G, Keck PE Jr, Frye MA, Kupka R, McElroy SL, Grunze H, Kitchen CM, Post R (2006) Lower switch rate in depressed patients with bipolar II than bipolar I disorder treated adjunctively with second-generation antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 163(2):313–315. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.313, 163/2/313 [pii]
Altshuler LL, Post RM, Hellemann G, Leverich GS, Nolen WA, Frye MA, Keck PE Jr, Kupka RW, Grunze H, McElroy SL, Sugar CA, Suppes T (2009) Impact of antidepressant continuation after acute positive or partial treatment response for bipolar depression: a blinded, randomized study. J Clin Psychiatry 70(4):450–457, ej08m04191 [pii]
Amann B, Born C, Crespo JM, Pomarol-Clotet E, McKenna P (2010) Lamotrigine: when and where does it act in affective disorders? A systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 10:1289–1294. doi:10.1177/0269881110376695, 0269881110376695 [pii]
Amdisen A (1977) Serum level monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics of lithium. Clin Pharmacokinet 2(2):73–92
Amrollahi Z, Rezaei F, Salehi B, Modabbernia AH, Maroufi A, Esfandiari GR, Naderi M, Ghebleh F, Ahmadi-Abhari SA, Sadeghi M, Tabrizi M, Akhondzadeh S (2010) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 6-week study on the efficacy and safety of the tamoxifen adjunctive to lithium in acute bipolar mania. J Affect Disord 129(1–3):327–331. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.015, S0165-0327(10)00549-5 [pii]
Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F (2000) Venlafaxine monotherapy in women with bipolar II and unipolar major depression. J Affect Disord 59(3):225–229
Amsterdam JD, McHenry LB (2012) The paroxetine 352 bipolar trial: a study in medical ghostwriting. Int J Risk Saf Med 24(4):221–231. doi:10.3233/JRS-2012-0571
Amsterdam JD, Shults J (2005a) Comparison of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and combined fluoxetine plus olanzapine initial therapy of bipolar type I and type II major depression–lack of manic induction. J Affect Disord 87(1):121–130
Amsterdam JD, Shults J (2005b) Fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar type II and bipolar NOS major depression: a double-blind, placebo-substitution, continuation study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 20(5):257–264
Amsterdam JD, Shults J (2010) Efficacy and safety of long-term fluoxetine versus lithium monotherapy of bipolar II disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-substitution study. Am J Psychiatry 167(7):792–800. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020284, appi.ajp.2009.09020284 [pii]
Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J, Quitkin FM, Reimherr FW, Rosenbaum JF, Schweizer E, Beasley C (1998) Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18(6):435–440
Amsterdam JD, Shults J, Brunswick DJ, Hundert M (2004) Short-term fluoxetine monotherapy for bipolar type II or bipolar NOS major depression - low manic switch rate. Bipolar Disord 6(1):75–81
Anand A, Gunn AD, Barkay G, Karne HS, Nurnberger JI, Mathew SJ, Ghosh S (2012) Early antidepressant effect of memantine during augmentation of lamotrigine inadequate response in bipolar depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Bipolar Disord 14(1):64–70. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00971.x
Anderson GD (1998) A mechanistic approach to antiepileptic drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother 32(5):554–563
Angst J, Grof P, Schou M (1969) Lithium. Lancet 1(7605):1097
Angst J, Weis P, Grof P, Baastrup PC, Schou M (1970) Lithium prophylaxis in recurrent affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 116(535):604–614
Arnone D (2005) Review of the use of topiramate for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Ann Gen Psychiatry 4(1):5
Arts B, Jabben N, Krabbendam L, van Os J (2008) Meta-analyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychol Med 38(6):771–785. doi:10.1017/S0033291707001675, S0033291707001675 [pii]
Azorin JM, Sapin C, Weiller E (2013) Effect of asenapine on manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar I patients with mixed episodes: results from post hoc analyses. J Affect Disord 145(1):62–69. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.013, S0165-0327(12)00532-0 [pii]
Baastrup PC (1964) The use of lithium in manic-depressive psychosis. Compr Psychiatry 5(6):396–408
Baastrup PC, Schou M (1967) Lithium as a prophylactic agents. Its effect against recurrent depressions and manic-depressive psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 16(2):162–172
Baastrup PC, Poulsen JC, Schou M, Thomsen K, Amdisen A (1970) Prophylactic lithium: double blind discontinuation in manic-depressive and recurrent-depressive disorders. Lancet 2(7668):326–330
Bailine S, Fink M, Knapp R, Petrides G, Husain MM, Rasmussen K, Sampson S, Mueller M, McClintock SM, Tobias KG, Kellner CH (2010) Electroconvulsive therapy is equally effective in unipolar and bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121(6):431–436. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01493.x, ACP1493 [pii]
Baker RW, Goldberg JF, Tohen M, Milton DR, Stauffer VL, Schuh LM (2002) The impact of response to previous mood stabilizer therapy on response to olanzapine versus placebo for acute mania. Bipolar Disord 4(1):43–49
Baker RW, Tohen M, Fawcett J, Risser RC, Schuh LM, Brown E, Stauffer VL, Shao L, Tollefson GD (2003) Acute dysphoric mania: treatment response to olanzapine versus placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23(2):132–137
Baker RW, Brown E, Akiskal HS, Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Schuh LM, Trzepacz PT, Watkin JG, Tohen M (2004) Efficacy of olanzapine combined with valproate or lithium in the treatment of dysphoric mania. Br J Psychiatry 185:472–478. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.6.472, 185/6/472 [pii]
Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Wilson M, Calabrese J, Chengappa R, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Sachs G, Vieta E, Welge JA, Yatham LN, Zarate CA Jr, Baker RW, Tohen M (2003) Olanzapine versus placebo in acute mania: treatment responses in subgroups. J Clin Psychopharmacol 23(4):370–376
Ballenger JC, Post RM (1980) Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: a new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 137(7):782–790
Baron M, Gershon ES, Rudy V, Jonas WZ, Buchsbaum M (1975) Lithium carbonate response in depression. Prediction by unipolar/bipolar illness, average-evoked response, catechol-O-methyl transferase, and family history. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32(9):1107–1111
Bauer MS, Whybrow PC (1990) Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47(5):435–440
Bauer MS, Whybrow PC, Winokur A (1990) Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. I. Association with grade I hypothyroidism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47(5):427–432
Bauer M, Zaninelli R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Meister W (1999) Paroxetine and amitriptyline augmentation of lithium in the treatment of major depression: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19(2):164–171
Baumhackl U, Biziere K, Fischbach R, Geretsegger C, Hebenstreit G, Radmayr E, Stabl M (1989) Efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide compared with imipramine in depressive disorder (DSM-III): an Austrian double-blind, multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 6:78–83
Beaulieu S, Saury S, Sareen J, Tremblay J, Schutz CG, McIntyre RS, Schaffer A (2012) The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid substance use disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 24(1):38–55, acp_2401e [pii]
Bech P (2001) Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials with mirtazapine using the core items of the Hamilton Depression Scale as evidence of a pure antidepressive effect in the short-term treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 4(4):337–345
Bech P (2006) The full story of lithium. A tribute to Mogens Schou (1918–2005). Psychother Psychosom 75(5):265–269. doi:10.1159/000093947
Bech P, Vendsborg PB, Rafaelsen OJ (1976) Lithium maintenance treatment of manic-melancholic patients: its role in the daily routine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 53(1):70–81
Behzadi AH, Omrani Z, Chalian M, Asadi S, Ghadiri M (2009) Folic acid efficacy as an alternative drug added to sodium valproate in the treatment of acute phase of mania in bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 120(6):441–445. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01368.x, ACP1368 [pii]
Benazzi F, Berk M, Frye MA, Wang W, Barraco A, Tohen M (2009) Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for the treatment of mixed depression in bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 70(10):1424–1431. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04772gre
Berk M, Ichim L, Brook S (1999) Olanzapine compared to lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 14(6):339–343
Berk M, Copolov DL, Dean O, Lu K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I, Anderson-Hunt M, Bush AI (2008) N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder–a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 64(6):468–475. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.022, S0006-3223(08)00500-3 [pii]
Berk M, Dean OM, Cotton SM, Gama CS, Kapczinski F, Fernandes B, Kohlmann K, Jeavons S, Hewitt K, Moss K, Allwang C, Schapkaitz I, Cobb H, Bush AI, Dodd S, Malhi GS (2012) Maintenance N-acetyl cysteine treatment for bipolar disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. BMC Med 10:91. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-91, 1741-7015-10-91 [pii]
Bersudsky Y, Applebaum J, Gaiduk Y, Sharony L, Mishory A, Podberezsky A, Agam G, Belmaker RH (2010) Valnoctamide as a valproate substitute with low teratogenic potential in mania: a double-blind, controlled, add-on clinical trial. Bipolar Disord 12(4):376–382. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00828.x, BDI828 [pii]
Bertilsson L, Tomson T (1986) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 11(3):177–198
Berwaerts J, Xu H, Nuamah I, Lim P, Hough D (2010) Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. J Affect Disord. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.030, S0165-0327(10)00458-1 [pii]
Berwaerts J, Lane R, Nuamah IF, Lim P, Remmerie B, Hough DW (2011) Paliperidone extended-release as adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproate in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 129:252–260. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.011, S0165-0327(10)00579-3 [pii]
Berwaerts J, Melkote R, Nuamah I, Lim P (2012a) A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended-release as maintenance treatment in patients with bipolar I disorder after an acute manic or mixed episode. J Affect Disord 138(3):247–258. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.047, S0165-0327(12)00094-8 [pii]
Berwaerts J, Xu H, Nuamah I, Lim P, Hough D (2012b) Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. J Affect Disord 136(1–2):e51–e60. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.030, S0165-0327(10)00458-1 [pii]
Beynon S, Soares-Weiser K, Woolacott N, Duffy S, Geddes JR (2009) Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol 23(5):574–591. doi:10.1177/0269881108093885
Blackburn S, Oliart A, Garcia Rodriguez L, Perez Gutthann S (1998) Antiepileptics and blood dyscrasias: a cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 18:1277
Blackwell B (1969) Need for careful evaluation of lithium. Am J Psychiatry 125(8):1131
Blackwell B (1970) Lithium. Lancet 2(7678):875–876
Blackwell B (1971) Lithium prophylaxis in recurrent affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 118(542):131–132
Blackwell B (1972) Prophylactic lithium: science or science fiction? Am Heart J 83(1):139–141
Blackwell B, Shepherd M (1968) Prophylactic lithium: another therapeutic myth? An examination of the evidence to date. Lancet 1(7549):968–971
Bobo WV, Shelton RC (2010) Risperidone long-acting injectable (Risperdal Consta(R)) for maintenance treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 10(11):1637–1658. doi:10.1586/ern.10.143
Bocchetta A, Bernardi F, Burrai C, Pedditzi M, Del Zompo M (1993) A double-blind study of L-sulpiride versus amitriptyline in lithium-maintained bipolar depressives. Acta Psychiatr Scand 88(6):434–439
Bond DJ, Noronha MM, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Lam RW, Yatham LN (2008) Antidepressant-associated mood elevations in bipolar II disorder compared with bipolar I disorder and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 69(10):1589–1601
Bond DJ, Lam RW, Yatham LN (2010) Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 124(3):228–234. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.008
Bora E, Vahip S, Akdeniz F, Gonul AS, Eryavuz A, Ogut M, Alkan M (2007) The effect of previous psychotic mood episodes on cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients. Bipolar Disord 9:468–477. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00469.x
Bottlender R, Rudolf D, Strauss A, Moller HJ (2001) Mood-stabilisers reduce the risk of developing antidepressant-induced maniform states in acute treatment of bipolar I depressed patients. J Affect Disord 63(1–3):79–83
Bottlender R, Sato T, Kleindienst N, Strauss A, Moller HJ (2004) Mixed depressive features predict maniform switch during treatment of depression in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord 78(2):149–152
Bowden CL (2005) Atypical antipsychotic augmentation of mood stabilizer therapy in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 66(Suppl 3):12–19
Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, Janicak PG, Petty F, Dilsaver SC, Davis JM, Rush AJ, Small JG et al (1994) Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The Depakote Mania Study Group. JAMA 271(12):918–924
Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Gyulai L, Wassef A, Petty F, Pope HG Jr, Chou JC, Keck PE Jr, Rhodes LJ, Swann AC, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ (2000) A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(5):481–489
Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Asghar SA, Hompland M, Montgomery P, Earl N, Smoot TM, DeVeaugh-Geiss J (2003) A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(4):392–400
Bowden CL, Collins MA, McElroy SL, Calabrese JR, Swann AC, Weisler RH, Wozniak PJ (2005a) Relationship of mania symptomatology to maintenance treatment response with divalproex, lithium, or placebo. Neuropsychopharmacology 30(10):1932–1939. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300788, 1300788 [pii]
Bowden CL, Grunze H, Mullen J, Brecher M, Paulsson B, Jones M, Vagero M, Svensson K (2005b) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of quetiapine or lithium as monotherapy for mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 66(1):111–121
Bowden CL, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, Rubenfaer LM, Wozniak PJ, Collins MA, Abi-Saab W, Saltarelli M (2006) A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended release in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 67(10):1501–1510
Bowden CL, Vieta E, Ice KS, Schwartz JH, Wang PP, Versavel M (2010) Ziprasidone plus a mood stabilizer in subjects with bipolar I disorder: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 71(2):130–137. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05482yel
Bowden CL, Singh V, Weisler R, Thompson P, Chang X, Quinones M, Mintz J (2012) Lamotrigine vs. lamotrigine plus divalproex in randomized, placebo-controlled maintenance treatment for bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 126(5):342–350. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01890.x
Brown D, Silverstone T, Cookson J (1989) Carbamazepine compared to haloperidol in acute mania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4(3):229–238
Brown EB, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Deldar A, Adams DH, Tohen M, Williamson DJ (2006) A 7-week, randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination versus lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar I depression. J Clin Psychiatry 67(7):1025–1033
Brown ES, Garza M, Carmody TJ (2008) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial of quetiapine in outpatients with bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 69(5):701–705, ej07m03431 [pii]
Brown E, Dunner DL, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Adams DH, Degenhardt E, Tohen M, Houston JP (2009) Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination vs. lamotrigine in the 6-month treatment of bipolar I depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12(6):773–782. doi:10.1017/S1461145708009735, S1461145708009735 [pii]
Brugue E, Vieta E (2007) Atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression: neurobiological basis and clinical implications. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31(1):275–282
Burdick KE, Braga RJ, Nnadi CU, Shaya Y, Stearns WH, Malhotra AK (2012) Placebo-controlled adjunctive trial of pramipexole in patients with bipolar disorder: targeting cognitive dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 73(1):103–112. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07299
Burgess S, Geddes J, Hawton K, Townsend E, Jamison K, Goodwin G (2001) Lithium for maintenance treatment of mood disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD003013
Cade J (1949) Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med J Aust 36:349–352
Cade JF (2000) Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. 1949. Bull World Health Organ 78(4):518–520
Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Ascher JA, Monaghan E, Rudd GD (1999) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. Lamictal 602 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 60(2):79–88
Calabrese JR, Suppes T, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Swann AC, McElroy SL, Kusumakar V, Ascher JA, Earl NL, Greene PL, Monaghan ET (2000) A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Lamictal 614 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 61(11):841–850
Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Behnke K, Mehtonen OP, Montgomery P, Ascher J, Paska W, Earl N, DeVeaugh-Geiss J (2003a) A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 64(9):1013–1024
Calabrese JR, Vieta E, Shelton MD (2003b) Latest maintenance data on lamotrigine in bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 13(Suppl 2):S57–S66
Calabrese JR, Keck PE Jr, Macfadden W, Minkwitz M, Ketter TA, Weisler RH, Cutler AJ, McCoy R, Wilson E, Mullen J (2005a) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I or II depression. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1351–1360
Calabrese JR, Shelton MD, Rapport DJ, Youngstrom EA, Jackson K, Bilali S, Ganocy SJ, Findling RL (2005b) A 20-month, double-blind, maintenance trial of lithium versus divalproex in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 162(11):2152–2161
Calabrese JR, Goldberg JF, Ketter TA, Suppes T, Frye M, White R, DeVeaugh-Geiss A, Thompson TR (2006) Recurrence in bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis excluding relapses in two double-blind maintenance studies. Biol Psychiatry 59(11):1061–1064
Calabrese JR, Huffman RF, White RL, Edwards S, Thompson TR, Ascher JA, Monaghan ET, Leadbetter RA (2008) Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: results of five double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 10(2):323–333. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00500.x, BDI500 [pii]
Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Youakim JM, Tiller JM, Yang R, Frye MA (2010) Adjunctive armodafinil for major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. J Clin Psychiatry 71(10):1363–1370. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05900gry
Carlson BX, Ketter TA, Sun W, Timko K, McQuade RD, Sanchez R, Vester-Blokland E, Marcus R (2012) Aripiprazole in combination with lamotrigine for the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed): a randomized, multicenter, double-blind study (CN138-392). Bipolar Disord 14(1):41–53. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00974.x
Cazorla P, Zhao J, Mackle M, Szegedi A (2013) Asenapine effects on individual Young Mania Rating Scale items in bipolar disorder patients with acute manic or mixed episodes: a pooled analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 9:409–413. doi:10.2147/NDT.S38390
Cerullo MA, Strakowski SM (2007) The prevalence and significance of substance use disorders in bipolar type I and II disorder. Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy 2:29. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-2-29, 1747-597X-2-29 [pii]
Chen KP, Shen WW, Lu ML (2004) Implication of serum concentration monitoring in patients with lithium intoxication. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58(1):25–29
Chengappa KN, Baker RW, Shao L, Yatham LN, Tohen M, Gershon S, Kupfer DJ (2003) Rates of response, euthymia and remission in two placebo-controlled olanzapine trials for bipolar mania. Bipolar Disord 5(1):1–5
Chiu CC, Huang SY, Chen CC, Su KP (2005) Omega-3 fatty acids are more beneficial in the depressive phase than in the manic phase in patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 66(12):1613–1614
Chou JC, Czobor P, Charles O, Tuma I, Winsberg B, Allen MH, Trujillo M, Volavka J (1999) Acute mania: haloperidol dose and augmentation with lithium or lorazepam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 19(6):500–505
Chouinard G, Annable L, Turnier L, Holobow N, Szkrumelak N (1993) A double-blind randomized clinical trial of rapid tranquilization with I.M. clonazepam and I.M. haloperidol in agitated psychotic patients with manic symptoms. Can J Psychiatr 38(Suppl 4):S114–S121
Christodoulou GN, Lykouras EP (1982) Abrupt lithium discontinuation in manic-depressive patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 65(5):310–314
Cipriani A, Rendell J, Geddes JR (2010) Olanzapine in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 24(12):1729–1738. doi:10.1177/0269881109106900
Cipriani A, Barbui C, Salanti G, Rendell J, Brown R, Stockton S, Purgato M, Spineli LM, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR (2011) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of antimanic drugs in acute mania: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet 378(9799):1306–1315. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60873-8, S0140-6736(11)60873-8 [pii]
Citrome L (2010) Ziprasidone HCl capsules for the adjunctive maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder in adults. Expert Rev Neurother 10(7):1031–1037. doi:10.1586/ern.10.66
Citrome L (2012) Inhaled loxapine for agitation revisited: focus on effect sizes from 2 Phase III randomised controlled trials in persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Int J Clin Pract 66(3):318–325. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02890.x
Citrome L (2013) Cariprazine in bipolar disorder: clinical efficacy, tolerability, and place in therapy. Adv Ther 30(2):102–113. doi:10.1007/s12325-013-0004-9
Cohn JB, Collins G, Ashbrook E, Wernicke JF (1989) A comparison of fluoxetine imipramine and placebo in patients with bipolar depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4(4):313–322
Connelly CE, Davenport YB, Nurnberger JI Jr (1982) Adherence to treatment regimen in a lithium carbonate clinic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39(5):585–588
Cookson J, Silverstone T, Wells B (1981) Double-blind comparative clinical trial of pimozide and chlorpromazine in mania. A test of the dopamine hypothesis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 64(5):381–397
Cookson J, Keck PE Jr, Ketter TA, Macfadden W (2007) Number needed to treat and time to response/remission for quetiapine monotherapy efficacy in acute bipolar depression: evidence from a large, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22(2):93–100
Coppen A, Whybrow PC, Noguera R, Maggs R, Prange AJ Jr (1972) The comparative antidepressant value of L-tryptophan and imipramine with and without attempted potentiation by liothyronine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26(3):234–241
Correll CU, Sheridan EM, DelBello MP (2010) Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 12(2):116–141. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00798.x, BDI798 [pii]
Cowdry RW, Wehr TA, Zis AP, Goodwin FK (1983) Thyroid abnormalities associated with rapid-cycling bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40(4):414–420
Coxhead N, Silverstone T, Cookson J (1992) Carbamazepine versus lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85(2):114–118
Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, Goikolea JM, Valenti M, Vieta E (2010) Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(1):5–14. doi:10.1017/S1461145709990344, S1461145709990344 [pii]
Cummings C, Stewart M, Stevenson M, Morrow J, Nelson J (2011) Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child 96(7):643–647. doi:10.1136/adc.2009.176990
Cundall RL, Brooks PW, Murray LG (1972) A controlled evaluation of lithium prophylaxis in affective disorders. Psychol Med 2(3):308–311
Cusin C, Serretti A, Mandelli L, Lucca A, Smeraldi E (2002) Seasonal variations of lithium plasma levels. Psychiatry Res 111(1):35–41, S0165178102001300 [pii]
Cutler AJ, Datto C, Nordenhem A, Minkwitz M, Acevedo L, Darko D (2011) Extended-release quetiapine as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, 3-week trial. Clin Ther 33(11):1643–1658. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.10.002, S0149-2918(11)00673-4 [pii]
D’Mello DA, McNeil JA, Msibi B (1995) Seasons and bipolar disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 7(1):11–18
Dardennes R, Even C, Bange F, Heim A (1995) Comparison of carbamazepine and lithium in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 166(3):378–381
Dauphinais DR, Rosenthal JZ, Terman M, DiFebo HM, Tuggle C, Rosenthal NE (2012) Controlled trial of safety and efficacy of bright light therapy vs. negative air ions in patients with bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 196(1):57–61. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.01.015, S0165-1781(12)00045-5 [pii]
Davis JM, Janicak PG, Hogan DM (1999) Mood stabilizers in the prevention of recurrent affective disorders: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100(6):406–417
Davis LL, Bartolucci A, Petty F (2005) Divalproex in the treatment of bipolar depression: a placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 85(3):259–266
De Fruyt J, Deschepper E, Audenaert K, Constant E, Floris M, Pitchot W, Sienaert P, Souery D, Claes S (2011) Second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. doi:10.1177/0269881111408461, 0269881111408461 [pii]
De Fruyt J, Deschepper E, Audenaert K, Constant E, Floris M, Pitchot W, Sienaert P, Souery D, Claes S (2012) Second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 26(5):603–617. doi:10.1177/0269881111408461, 0269881111408461 [pii]
Dean OM, Bush AI, Copolov DL, Kohlmann K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I, Anderson-Hunt M, Berk M (2012) Effects of N-acetyl cysteine on cognitive function in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 66(6):514–517. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2012.02392.x
Delay J, Buisson JF (1958) Psychic action of isoniazid in the treatment of depressive states. J Clin Exp Psychopathol 19(2 Suppl 1):51–55
Dell’Osso B, Mundo E, D’Urso N, Pozzoli S, Buoli M, Ciabatti M, Rosanova M, Massimini M, Bellina V, Mariotti M, Altamura AC (2009) Augmentative repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 11(1):76–81. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00651.x, BDI651 [pii]
Denicoff KD, Smith-Jackson EE, Disney ER, Ali SO, Leverich GS, Post RM (1997) Comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium, carbamazepine, and the combination in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 58(11):470–478
Diazgranados N, Ibrahim L, Brutsche NE, Newberg A, Kronstein P, Khalife S, Kammerer WA, Quezado Z, Luckenbaugh DA, Salvadore G, Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA Jr (2010) A randomized add-on trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(8):793–802. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.90, 67/8/793 [pii]
Dierckx B, Heijnen WT, van den Broek WW, Birkenhager TK (2012) Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar versus unipolar major depression: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord 14(2):146–150. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00997.x
Donnelly EF, Goodwin FK, Waldman IN, Murphy DL (1978) Prediction of antidepressant responses to lithium. Am J Psychiatry 135(5):552–556
Dube S, Tollefson GD, Thase ME, Briggs SD, Van Campen LE, Case M, Tohen M (2007) Onset of antidepressant effect of olanzapine and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination in bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 9(6):618–627
Dunner DL, Stallone F, Fieve RR (1976) Lithium carbonate and affective disorders. V: a double-blind study of prophylaxis of depression in bipolar illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33(1):117–120
Eden Evins A, Demopulos C, Yovel I, Culhane M, Ogutha J, Grandin LD, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS (2006) Inositol augmentation of lithium or valproate for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 8(2):168–174
El Mallakh RS, Vieta E, Rollin L, Marcus R, Carson WH, McQuade R (2010) A comparison of two fixed doses of aripiprazole with placebo in acutely relapsed, hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder I (manic or mixed) in subpopulations (CN138-007). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 20(11):776–783. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.07.003, S0924-977X(10)00159-8 [pii]
El-Mallakh RS, Ghaemi SN, Sagduyu K, Thase ME, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Zhang HW, Pardo TA, Sachs G (2008) Antidepressant-associated chronic irritable dysphoria (ACID) in STEP-BD patients. J Affect Disord 111(2-3):372–377. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.03.025, S0165-0327(08)00136-5 [pii]
El-Mallakh RS, Marcus R, Baudelet C, McQuade R, Carson WH, Owen R (2012) A 40-week double-blind aripiprazole versus lithium follow-up of a 12-week acute phase study (total 52 weeks) in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord 136(3):258–266. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.043, S0165-0327(11)00760-9 [pii]
Emilien G, Maloteaux JM, Seghers A, Charles G (1996) Lithium compared to valproic acid and carbamazepine in the treatment of mania: a statistical meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 6(3):245–252, 0924-977X(96)00029-6 [pii]
Emrich HM, von Zerssen D, Kissling W, Moller HJ, Windorfer A (1980) Effect of sodium valproate on mania. The GABA-hypothesis of affective disorders. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 229(1):1–16
Emrich HM, von Zerssen D, Kissling W, Moller HJ (1981) Therapeutic effect of valproate in mania. Am J Psychiatry 138(2):256
Endicott J, Rajagopalan K, Minkwitz M, Macfadden W (2007) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I and II depression: improvements in quality of life. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22(1):29–37
Engelsmann F, Katz J, Ghadirian AM, Schachter D (1988) Lithium and memory: a long-term follow-up study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 8(3):207–212
Fan A, Berg A, Bresee C, Glassman LH, Rapaport MH (2012) Allopurinol augmentation in the outpatient treatment of bipolar mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord 14(2):206–210. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01001.x
Fieve RR, Kumbaraci T, Dunner DL (1976) Lithium prophylaxis of depression in bipolar I, bipolar II, and unipolar patients. Am J Psychiatry 133(8):925–929
Findling RL, McNamara NK, Youngstrom EA, Stansbrey R, Gracious BL, Reed MD, Calabrese JR (2005) Double-blind 18-month trial of lithium versus divalproex maintenance treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(5):409–417
Fountoulakis KN (2008) The contemporary face of bipolar illness: complex diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. CNS Spectr 13(9):763–774, 777–769
Fountoulakis KN (2010a) The BALANCE trial. Lancet 375(9723):1343–1344; author reply 1344. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60569-7, S0140-6736(10)60569-7 [pii]
Fountoulakis KN (2010b) Pharmaceutical treatment of acute bipolar depression. F1000 Med Rep 2:47. doi:10.3410/M2-47
Fountoulakis KN (2012a) Introduction–bipolar illness: current understanding and future perspectives. CNS Neurosci Ther 18(3):193. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00298.x
Fountoulakis KN (2012b) Refractoriness in bipolar disorder: definitions and evidence-based treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther 18(3):227–237. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00259.x
Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D (2012) Mathematical coupling and the true role of baseline severity in acute mania trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(3):850. doi:10.1038/npp.2011.234
Fountoulakis KN, Moller HJ (2012) Antidepressant drugs and the response in the placebo group: the real problem lies in our understanding of the issue. J Psychopharmacol 26(5):744–750. doi:10.1177/0269881111421969
Fountoulakis KN, Siamouli M (2012) Comparative efficacy of anti-manic drugs in acute mania. Lancet 379(9819):893–894. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60391-2, author reply 894. S0140-6736(12)60391-2 [pii]
Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E (2008) Treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of available data and clinical perspectives. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11(7):999–1029. doi:10.1017/S1461145708009231
Fountoulakis KN, Nimatoudis I, Iacovides A, Kaprinis G (2004a) Off-label indications for atypical antipsychotics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 3(1):4. doi:10.1186/1475-2832-3-4
Fountoulakis KN, Nimatoudis I, Iacovides A, Kaprinis G (2004b) Report of three cases that received maintenance treatment with risperidone as a mood stabilizer. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatry 3(1):10. doi:10.1186/1475-2832-3-10
Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, Kaprinis SG, Goikolea JM, Kaprinis GS (2005) Treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder: a critical review. J Affect Disord 86(1):1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.01.004
Fountoulakis KN, Magiria S, Siamouli M, Panagiotidis P, Nimatoudis I, Iacovides A, Kaprinis GS (2007a) A seven- year follow-up of an extremely refractory bipolar I patient. CNS Spectr 12(10):733–734
Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Siamouli M, Valenti M, Magiria S, Oral T, Fresno D, Giannakopoulos P, Kaprinis GS (2007b) Treatment of bipolar disorder: a complex treatment for a multi-faceted disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 6:27. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-6-27
Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Panagiotidis P, Kaprinis G (2008a) Treatment of bipolar depression: an update. J Affect Disord 109(1–2):21–34. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.016
Fountoulakis KN, Siamouli M, Panagiotidis P, Magiria S, Kantartzis S, Iacovides A, Kaprinis GS (2008b) Ultra short manic-like episodes after antidepressant augmentation with modafinil. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(3):891–892. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.11.006, S0278-5846(07)00396-X [pii]
Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Bouras C, Notaridis G, Giannakopoulos P, Kaprinis G, Akiskal H (2008c) A systematic review of existing data on long-term lithium therapy: neuroprotective or neurotoxic? Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11(2):269–287. doi:10.1017/S1461145707007821
Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Vieta E, Schmidt F (2009) Treatment of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder with aripiprazole monotherapy: a meta-analysis. Ann Gen Psychiatry 8:27. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-8-27, 1744-859X-8-27 [pii]
Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Vieta E, Rihmer Z (2011a) Class effect of pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder: fact or misbelief? Ann Gen Psychiatry 10(1):8, 1744-859X-10-8 [pii]
Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Schmidt F (2011b) Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 133(3):361–370. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.018, S0165-0327(10)00632-4 [pii]
Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Samara M, Siapera M, Karavelas V, Ristic DI, Iacovides A (2012a) Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. J Psychopharmacol 26(11):1401–1407. doi:10.1177/0269881112440514
Fountoulakis KN, Kasper S, Andreassen O, Blier P, Okasha A, Severus E, Versiani M, Tandon R, Moller HJ, Vieta E (2012b) Efficacy of pharmacotherapy in bipolar disorder: a report by the WPA section on pharmacopsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 262(Suppl 1):1–48. doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0323-x
Fountoulakis KN, Kelsoe JR, Akiskal H (2012c) Receptor targets for antidepressant therapy in bipolar disorder: an overview. J Affect Disord 138(3):222–238. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.043
Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, Siamouli M, Yatham LN (2012d) Treatment of mixed bipolar states. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 15(7):1015–1026. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001817
Fountoulakis KN, Kontis D, Gonda X, Yatham LN (2013a) A systematic review of the evidence on the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 15(2):115–137. doi:10.1111/bdi.12045
Fountoulakis KN, Veroniki AA, Siamouli M, Moller HJ (2013b) No role for initial severity on the efficacy of antidepressants: results of a multi-meta-analysis. Ann Gen Psychiatry 12(1):26. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-12-26
Frangou S, Donaldson S, Hadjulis M, Landau S, Goldstein LH (2005) The Maudsley Bipolar Disorder Project: executive dysfunction in bipolar disorder I and its clinical correlates. Biol Psychiatry 58(11):859–864. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.056, S0006-3223(05)00579-2 [pii]
Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone P (2006) Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 188:46–50. doi:10.1192/bjp.188.1.46, 188/1/46 [pii]
Frangou S, Lewis M, Wollard J, Simmons A (2007) Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentanoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol 21(4):435–439. doi:10.1177/0269881106067787, 0269881106067787 [pii]
Freeman TW, Clothier JL, Pazzaglia P, Lesem MD, Swann AC (1992) A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 149(1):108–111
Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Osuch EA, Luckenbaugh DA, Cora-Ocatelli G, Leverich GS, Post RM (2000) A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20(6):607–614
Frye MA, Yatham LN, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Ketter TA, Suppes T, Adams BE, Thompson TR (2006) Incidence and time course of subsyndromal symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder: an evaluation of 2 placebo-controlled maintenance trials. J Clin Psychiatry 67(11):1721–1728
Frye MA, Grunze H, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Walden J, Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Nakelsky S, Hwang S, Mintz J, Post RM (2007) A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 164(8):1242–1249
Frye MA, Yatham L, Ketter TA, Goldberg J, Suppes T, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Bourne E, Bahn RS, Adams B (2009) Depressive relapse during lithium treatment associated with increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone: results from two placebo-controlled bipolar I maintenance studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 120(1):10–13. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01343.x, ACP1343 [pii]
Fyro B, Petterson U (1977) A double-blind study of the prophylactic effect of lithium in manic-depressive disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 269(Suppl):17–22
Gao K, Kemp DE, Fein E, Wang Z, Fang Y, Ganocy SJ, Calabrese JR (2011) Number needed to treat to harm for discontinuation due to adverse events in the treatment of bipolar depression, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder with atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 72(8):1063–1071. doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05535gre
Gao K, Pappadopulos E, Karayal ON, Kolluri S, Calabrese JR (2013) Risk for adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events of ziprasidone monotherapy relative to placebo in the acute treatment of bipolar depression, mania, and schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 33(3):425–431. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182917f3f
Garfinkel PE, Stancer HC, Persad E (1980) A comparison of haloperidol, lithium carbonate and their combination in the treatment of mania. J Affect Disord 2(4):279–288
Geddes JR, Burgess S, Hawton K, Jamison K, Goodwin GM (2004) Long-term lithium therapy for bipolar disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 161(2):217–222
Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM (2009) Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 194(1):4–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048504, 194/1/4 [pii]
Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell J, Azorin JM, Cipriani A, Ostacher MJ, Morriss R, Alder N, Juszczak E (2010) Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 375(9712):385–395. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61828-6, S0140-6736(09)61828-6 [pii]
Geller B, Cooper TB, Watts HE, Cosby CM, Fox LW (1992) Early findings from a pharmacokinetically designed double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescents comorbid with bipolar and substance dependency disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 16(3):281–299
Geller B, Cooper TB, Sun K, Zimerman B, Frazier J, Williams M, Heath J (1998) Double-blind and placebo-controlled study of lithium for adolescent bipolar disorders with secondary substance dependency. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37(2):171–178
Gershon S, Yuwiler A (1960) Lithium ion: a specific psychopharmacological approach to the treatment of mania. J Neuropsychiatry 1:229–241
Ghaemi SN, Gilmer WS, Goldberg JF, Zablotsky B, Kemp DE, Kelley ME, Bauer AD, Fleck J, Filkowski MM, Stan VA, Dunn RT (2007) Divalproex in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a preliminary double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 68(12):1840–1844
Ghaemi SN, Wingo AP, Filkowski MA, Baldessarini RJ (2008) Long-term antidepressant treatment in bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of benefits and risks. Acta Psychiatr Scand 118(5):347–356. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01257.x, ACP1257 [pii]
Ghaemi SN, Ostacher MM, El-Mallakh RS, Borrelli D, Baldassano CF, Kelley ME, Filkowski MM, Hennen J, Sachs GS, Goodwin FK, Baldessarini RJ (2010) Antidepressant discontinuation in bipolar depression: a Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) randomized clinical trial of long-term effectiveness and safety. J Clin Psychiatry 71(4):372–380. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04909gre
Gijsman HJ, Geddes JR, Rendell JM, Nolen WA, Goodwin GM (2004) Antidepressants for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 161(9):1537–1547. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1537
Goikolea JM, Colom F, Capapey J, Torres I, Valenti M, Grande I, Undurraga J, Vieta E (2013a) Faster onset of antimanic action with haloperidol compared to second-generation antipsychotics. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials in acute mania. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 23(4):305–316. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.017, S0924-977X(12)00152-6 [pii]
Goikolea JM, Colom F, Torres I, Capapey J, Valenti M, Undurraga J, Grande I, Sanchez-Moreno J, Vieta E (2013b) Lower rate of depressive switch following antimanic treatment with second-generation antipsychotics versus haloperidol. J Affect Disord 144(3):191–198. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.038, S0165-0327(12)00569-1 [pii]
Goldberg J (2008) Adverse cognitive effects of psychotropic medications. In: Goldberg J, Burdick K (eds) Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: a guide for clinicians. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 137–158
Goldberg JF, Chengappa KN (2009) Identifying and treating cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 11(Suppl 2):123–137. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00716.x, BDI716 [pii]
Goldberg JF, Truman CJ (2003) Antidepressant-induced mania: an overview of current controversies. Bipolar Disord 5(6):407–420, 067 [pii]
Goldberg JF, Whiteside JE (2002) The association between substance abuse and antidepressant-induced mania in bipolar disorder: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry 63(9):791–795
Goldsmith DR, Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Perry CM (2003) Lamotrigine: a review of its use in bipolar disorder. Drugs 63(19):2029–2050
Goodwin FK (2002) Rationale for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder and evidence for long-term lithium treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 63(Suppl 10):5–12
Goodwin FK, Zis AP (1979) Lithium in the treatment of mania: comparisons with neuroleptics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36(8 Spec No):840–844
Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr (1969a) Lithium. Lancet 2(7613):212–213
Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Bunney WE Jr (1969b) Lithium-carbonate treatment in depression and mania. A longitudinal double-blind study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 21(4):486–496
Goodwin FK, Murphy DL, Dunner DL, Bunney WE Jr (1972) Lithium response in unipolar versus bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 129(1):44–47
Goodwin FK, Fireman B, Simon GE, Hunkeler EM, Lee J, Revicki D (2003) Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. JAMA 290(11):1467–1473. doi:10.1001/jama.290.11.1467, 290/11/1467 [pii]
Goodwin GM, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Grunze H, Kasper S, White R, Greene P, Leadbetter R (2004) A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65(3):432–441
Goodwin GM, Abbar M, Schlaepfer TE, Grunze H, Licht RW, Bellivier F, Fountoulakis KN, Altamura AC, Pitchot W, Agren H, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Vieta E (2011) Aripiprazole in patients with bipolar mania and beyond: an update of practical guidance. Curr Med Res Opin 27(12):2285–2299. doi:10.1185/03007995.2011.628380
Gopal S, Steffens DC, Kramer ML, Olsen MK (2005) Symptomatic remission in patients with bipolar mania: results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone monotherapy. J Clin Psychiatry 66(8):1016–1020
Granger P, Biton B, Faure C, Vige X, Depoortere H, Graham D, Langer SZ, Scatton B, Avenet P (1995) Modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor by the antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and phenytoin. Mol Pharmacol 47(6):1189–1196
Greenspan K, Schildkraut JJ, Gordon EK, Baer L, Aronoff MS, Durell J (1970) Catecholamine metabolism in affective disorders. 3. MHPG and other catecholamine metabolites in patients treated with lithium carbonate. J Psychiatr Res 7(3):171–183
Greil W, Kleindienst N (1999a) The comparative prophylactic efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in patients with bipolar I disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 14(5):277–281
Greil W, Kleindienst N (1999b) Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar II disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 14(5):283–285
Greil W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, Schochlin C, Schmidt S, Engel RR, Czernik A, Giedke H, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Osterheider M, Rudolf GA, Sauer H, Tegeler J, Wetterling T (1997) Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders–a randomised study. J Affect Disord 43(2):151–161
Greil W, Kleindienst N, Erazo N, Muller-Oerlinghausen B (1998) Differential response to lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 18:455
Grossman F, Potter WZ, Brown EA, Maislin G (1999) A double-blind study comparing idazoxan and bupropion in bipolar depressed patients. J Affect Disord 56(2–3):237–243
Grunze HC (2008) Switching, induction of rapid cycling, and increased suicidality with antidepressants in bipolar patients: fact or overinterpretation? CNS Spectr 13(9):790–795
Gyulai L, Bauer M, Bauer MS, Garcia-Espana F, Cnaan A, Whybrow PC (2003a) Thyroid hypofunction in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder after lithium challenge. Biol Psychiatry 53(10):899–905, S0006322302015731 [pii]
Gyulai L, Bowden CL, McElroy SL, Calabrese JR, Petty F, Swann AC, Chou JC, Wassef A, Risch CS, Hirschfeld RM, Nemeroff CB, Keck PE Jr, Evans DL, Wozniak PJ (2003b) Maintenance efficacy of divalproex in the prevention of bipolar depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 28(7):1374–1382
Harel EV, Levkovitz Y (2008) Effectiveness and safety of adjunctive antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression: a review. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 45(2):121–128
Hartong EG, Moleman P, Hoogduin CA, Broekman TG, Nolen WA (2003) Prophylactic efficacy of lithium versus carbamazepine in treatment-naive bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry 64(2):144–151
Himmelhoch JM, Fuchs CZ, Symons BJ (1982) A double-blind study of tranylcypromine treatment of major anergic depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 170(10):628–634
Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Houck P (1991) Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 148(7):910–916
Hiremani RM, Thirthalli J, Tharayil BS, Gangadhar BN (2008) Double-blind randomized controlled study comparing short-term efficacy of bifrontal and bitemporal electroconvulsive therapy in acute mania. Bipolar Disord 10(6):701–707. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00608.x, BDI608 [pii]
Hirschfeld RM, Kasper S (2004) A review of the evidence for carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7(4):507–522. doi:10.1017/S1461145704004651, S1461145704004651 [pii]
Hirschfeld RM, Allen MH, McEvoy JP, Keck PE Jr, Russell JM (1999) Safety and tolerability of oral loading divalproex sodium in acutely manic bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry 60(12):815–818
Hirschfeld RM, Keck PE Jr, Kramer M, Karcher K, Canuso C, Eerdekens M, Grossman F (2004) Rapid antimanic effect of risperidone monotherapy: a 3-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 161(6):1057–1065
Hirschfeld RM, Bowden CL, Vigna NV, Wozniak P, Collins M (2010) A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended-release in the acute treatment of mania. J Clin Psychiatry 71(4):426–432. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04960yel
Holmes MK, Erickson K, Luckenbaugh DA, Drevets WC, Bain EE, Cannon DM, Snow J, Sahakian BJ, Manji HK, Zarate CA Jr (2008) A comparison of cognitive functioning in medicated and unmedicated subjects with bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 10(7):806–815. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00628.x, BDI628 [pii]
Honig A, Arts BM, Ponds RW, Riedel WJ (1999) Lithium induced cognitive side-effects in bipolar disorder: a qualitative analysis and implications for daily practice. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 14(3):167–171
Houston JP, Ahl J, Meyers AL, Kaiser CJ, Tohen M, Baldessarini RJ (2006) Reduced suicidal ideation in bipolar I disorder mixed-episode patients in a placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine combined with lithium or divalproex. J Clin Psychiatry 67(8):1246–1252
Houston JP, Tohen M, Degenhardt EK, Jamal HH, Liu LL, Ketter TA (2009) Olanzapine-divalproex combination versus divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar mixed episodes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 70(11):1540–1547. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04895yel
Houston JP, Ketter TA, Case M, Bowden C, Degenhardt EK, Jamal HH, Tohen M (2011) Early symptom change and prediction of subsequent remission with olanzapine augmentation in divalproex-resistant bipolar mixed episodes. J Psychiatr Res 45(2):169–173. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.05.016, S0022-3956(10)00176-7 [pii]
Hullin RP, McDonald R, Allsopp MN (1972) Prophylactic lithium in recurrent affective disorders. Lancet 1(7759):1044–1046
Ichim L, Berk M, Brook S (2000) Lamotrigine compared with lithium in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Ann Clin Psychiatry 12(1):5–10
Ikeda Y, Kameyama M, Narita K, Takei Y, Suda M, Aoyama Y, Yuuki N, Sakurai N, Fukuda M, Mikuni M, Amanuma M (2010) Total and regional brain volume reductions due to the Syndrome of Irreversible Lithium-Effectuated Neurotoxicity (SILENT): a voxel-based morphometric study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 34(1):244–246. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.010
Jamrozinski K, Gruber O, Kemmer C, Falkai P, Scherk H (2009) Neurocognitive functions in euthymic bipolar patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 119(5):365–374. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01320.x, ACP1320 [pii]
Janicak PG, Sharma RP, Pandey G, Davis JM (1998) Verapamil for the treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 155(7):972–973
Jentink J, Dolk H, Loane MA, Morris JK, Wellesley D, Garne E, de Jong-van den Berg L, Group EASW (2010) Intrauterine exposure to carbamazepine and specific congenital malformations: systematic review and case-control study. BMJ 341:c6581. doi:10.1136/bmj.c6581
Jimerson DC, Post RM, Stoddard FJ, Gillin JC, Bunney WE Jr (1980) Preliminary trial of the noradrenergic agonist clonidine in psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry 15(1):45–57
Johnson FN, Amdisen A (1983) The first era of lithium in medicine. An historical note. Pharmacopsychiatria 16(2):61–63. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1017450
Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, Owens DG (1988) The Northwick Park “functional” psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment response. Lancet 2(8603):119–125
Juruena MF, Ottoni GL, Machado-Vieira R, Carneiro RM, Weingarthner N, Marquardt AR, Fleig SS, Broilo L, Busnello EA (2009) Bipolar I and II disorder residual symptoms: oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine as add-on treatment to lithium in a double-blind, randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 33(1):94–99. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.012, S0278-5846(08)00318-7 [pii]
Kafantaris V, Coletti DJ, Dicker R, Padula G, Pleak RR, Alvir JM (2004) Lithium treatment of acute mania in adolescents: a placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(8):984–993
Kakkar AK, Rehan HS, Unni KE, Gupta NK, Chopra D, Kataria D (2009) Comparative efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine versus divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study. Eur Psychiatry 24(3):178–182. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.12.014, S0924-9338(09)00011-X [pii]
Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, Ramos-Lorenzi JR, Nayak DD, Howard A (1982) Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II illness: a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39(9):1065–1069
Kaptsan A, Yaroslavsky Y, Applebaum J, Belmaker RH, Grisaru N (2003) Right prefrontal TMS versus sham treatment of mania: a controlled study. Bipolar Disord 5(1):36–39
Karniol IG, Dalton J, Lader MH (1978) Acute and chronic effects of lithium chloride on physiological and psychological measures in normals. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 57(3):289–294
Kastin AJ, Ehrensing RH, Schalch DS, Anderson MS (1972) Improvement in mental depression with decreased thyrotropin response after administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Lancet 2(7780):740–742
Katagiri H, Takita Y, Tohen M, Higuchi T, Kanba S, Takahashi M (2012) Efficacy and safety of olanzapine in the treatment of Japanese patients with bipolar I disorder in a current manic or mixed episode: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and haloperidol-controlled study. J Affect Disord 136(3):476–484. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.045, S0165-0327(11)00712-9 [pii]
Katagiri H, Tohen M, McDonnell DP, Fujikoshi S, Case M, Kanba S, Takahashi M, Gomez JC (2013) Efficacy and safety of olanzapine for treatment of patients with bipolar depression: Japanese subpopulation analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Psychiatry 13:138. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-138
Keck PE Jr, Marcus R, Tourkodimitris S, Ali M, Liebeskind A, Saha A, Ingenito G (2003a) A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry 160(9):1651–1658
Keck PE Jr, Versiani M, Potkin S, West SA, Giller E, Ice K (2003b) Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute bipolar mania: a three-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Psychiatry 160(4):741–748
Keck PE Jr, Corya SA, Altshuler LL, Ketter TA, McElroy SL, Case M, Briggs SD, Tohen M (2005) Analyses of treatment-emergent mania with olanzapine/fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 66(5):611–616
Keck PE Jr, Calabrese JR, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Carlson BX, Rollin LM, Marcus RN, Sanchez R (2006a) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 26-week trial of aripiprazole in recently manic patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67(4):626–637
Keck PE Jr, Mintz J, McElroy SL, Freeman MP, Suppes T, Frye MA, Altshuler LL, Kupka R, Nolen WA, Leverich GS, Denicoff KD, Grunze H, Duan N, Post RM (2006b) Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of ethyl-eicosapentanoate in the treatment of bipolar depression and rapid cycling bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 60(9):1020–1022. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.056, S0006-3223(06)00537-3 [pii]
Keck PE Jr, Calabrese JR, McIntyre RS, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Eudicone JM, Carlson BX, Marcus RN, Sanchez R (2007) Aripiprazole monotherapy for maintenance therapy in bipolar I disorder: a 100-week, double-blind study versus placebo. J Clin Psychiatry 68(10):1480–1491
Keck PE, Orsulak PJ, Cutler AJ, Sanchez R, Torbeyns A, Marcus RN, McQuade RD, Carson WH (2009) Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and lithium-controlled study. J Affect Disord 112(1–3):36–49. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.05.014, S0165-0327(08)00230-9 [pii]
Kemp DE, Gao K, Ganocy SJ, Elhaj O, Bilali SR, Conroy C, Findling RL, Calabrese JR (2009) A 6-month, double-blind, maintenance trial of lithium monotherapy versus the combination of lithium and divalproex for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder and Co-occurring substance abuse or dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 70(1):113–121, ej07m04022 [pii]
Kemp DE, Ganocy SJ, Brecher M, Carlson BX, Edwards S, Eudicone JM, Evoniuk G, Jansen W, Leon AC, Minkwitz M, Pikalov A, Stassen HH, Szegedi A, Tohen M, Van Willigenburg AP, Calabrese JR (2010) Clinical value of early partial symptomatic improvement in the prediction of response and remission during short-term treatment trials in 3369 subjects with bipolar I or II depression. J Affect Disord 130(1–2):171–179. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.026, S0165-0327(10)00640-3 [pii]
Kemp DE, Gao K, Fein EB, Chan PK, Conroy C, Obral S, Ganocy SJ, Calabrese JR (2012a) Lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium and divalproex: lessons learned from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 14(7):780–789. doi:10.1111/bdi.12013
Kemp DE, Karayal ON, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Pappadopulos E, Ice KS, Siu CO, Vieta E (2012b) Ziprasidone with adjunctive mood stabilizer in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: Long-term changes in weight and metabolic profiles. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22(2):123–131. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.06.005, S0924-977X(11)00152-0 [pii]
Kessell A, Holt NF (1975) A controlled study of a tetracyclic antidepressant–maprotiline (Ludiomil). Med J Aust 1(25):773–776
Kessing LV (1998) Cognitive impairment in the euthymic phase of affective disorder. Psychol Med 28(5):1027–1038
Kessler U, Vaaler AE, Schoyen H, Oedegaard KJ, Bergsholm P, Andreassen OA, Malt UF, Morken G (2010) The study protocol of the Norwegian randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression in bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry 10(1):16. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-16, 1471-244X-10-16 [pii]
Ketter TA, Houston JP, Adams DH, Risser RC, Meyers AL, Williamson DJ, Tohen M (2006) Differential efficacy of olanzapine and lithium in preventing manic or mixed recurrence in patients with bipolar I disorder based on number of previous manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 67(1):95–101
Ketter TA, Agid O, Kapur S, Loebel A, Siu CO, Romano SJ (2010) Rapid antipsychotic response with ziprasidone predicts subsequent acute manic/mixed episode remission. J Psychiatr Res 44(1):8–14. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.07.006, S0022-3956(09)00170-8 [pii]
Khanna S, Vieta E, Lyons B, Grossman F, Eerdekens M, Kramer M (2005) Risperidone in the treatment of acute mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 187:229–234
King DJ (1994) Psychomotor impairment and cognitive disturbances induced by neuroleptics. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 380:53–58
Klein DF (1967) Importance of psychiatric diagnosis in prediction of clinical drug effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 16(1):118–126
Klein HE, Broucek B, Greil W (1981) Lithium withdrawal triggers psychotic states. Br J Psychiatry 139:255–256
Klein E, Bental E, Lerer B, Belmaker RH (1984) Carbamazepine and haloperidol v placebo and haloperidol in excited psychoses. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(2):165–170
Kleindienst N, Greil W (2000) Differential efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder: results of the MAP study. Neuropsychobiology 42(Suppl 1):2–10
Kleindienst N, Greil W (2002) Inter-episodic morbidity and drop-out under carbamazepine and lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 32(3):493–501
Kocsis JH, Shaw ED, Stokes PE, Wilner P, Elliot AS, Sikes C, Myers B, Manevitz A, Parides M (1993) Neuropsychologic effects of lithium discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol 13(4):268–275
Kropf D, Muller-Oerlinghausen B (1979) Changes in learning, memory, and mood during lithium treatment. Approach to a research strategy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 59(1):97–124
Kuhn R (1957) Treatment of depressive states with an iminodibenzyl derivative (G 22355). Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift 87(35–36):1135–1140
Kuhn R (1958) The treatment of depressive states with G 22355 (imipramine hydrochloride). Am J Psychiatry 115(5):459–464
Kulkarni J, Garland KA, Scaffidi A, Headey B, Anderson R, de Castella A, Fitzgerald P, Davis SR (2006) A pilot study of hormone modulation as a new treatment for mania in women with bipolar affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31(4):543–547
Kupka RW, Luckenbaugh DA, Post RM, Leverich GS, Nolen WA (2003) Rapid and non-rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Clin Psychiatry 64(12):1483–1494
Kushner SF, Khan A, Lane R, Olson WH (2006) Topiramate monotherapy in the management of acute mania: results of four double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 8(1):15–27
Kwentus J, Riesenberg RA, Marandi M, Manning RA, Allen MH, Fishman RS, Spyker DA, Kehne JH, Cassella JV (2012) Rapid acute treatment of agitation in patients with bipolar I disorder: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with inhaled loxapine. Bipolar Disord 14(1):31–40. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00975.x
Lecrubier Y, Bech P (2007) The Ham D(6) is more homogenous and as sensitive as the Ham D(17). Eur Psychiatry 22(4):252–255
Lees G, Leach MJ (1993) Studies on the mechanism of action of the novel anticonvulsant lamotrigine (Lamictal) using primary neurological cultures from rat cortex. Brain Res 612(1–2):190–199
Lenox RH, Watson DG (1994) Lithium and the brain: a psychopharmacological strategy to a molecular basis for manic depressive illness. Clin Chem 40(2):309–314
Lenox RH, Newhouse PA, Creelman WL, Whitaker TM (1992) Adjunctive treatment of manic agitation with lorazepam versus haloperidol: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 53(2):47–52
Lerer B, Moore N, Meyendorff E, Cho SR, Gershon S (1987) Carbamazepine versus lithium in mania: a double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 48(3):89–93
Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Kupka RW, Denicoff KD, Nolen WA, Grunze H, Martinez MI, Post RM (2006) Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am J Psychiatry 163(2):232–239
Li H, Ma C, Wang G, Zhu X, Peng M, Gu N (2008) Response and remission rates in Chinese patients with bipolar mania treated for 4 weeks with either quetiapine or lithium: a randomized and double-blind study. Curr Med Res Opin 24(1):1–10. doi:10.1185/030079908X253933
Licht RW, Gijsman H, Nolen WA, Angst J (2008) Are antidepressants safe in the treatment of bipolar depression? A critical evaluation of their potential risk to induce switch into mania or cycle acceleration. Acta Psychiatr Scand 118(5):337–346. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01237.x, ACP1237 [pii]
Liu L, Zheng T, Morris MJ, Wallengren C, Clarke AL, Reid CA, Petrou S, O’Brien TJ (2006) The mechanism of carbamazepine aggravation of absence seizures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319(2):790–798. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.104968
Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, Kroger H, Hsu J, Sarma K, Sachs G (2013) Lurasidone monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind. Placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070984, 1763708 [pii]
Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, Kroger H, Sarma K, Xu J, Calabrese JR (2014) Lurasidone as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate for the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 171(2):169–177. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070985
Lombardo I, Sachs G, Kolluri S, Kremer C, Yang R (2012) Two 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of ziprasidone in outpatients with bipolar I depression: did baseline characteristics impact trial outcome? J Clin Psychopharmacol 32(4):470–478. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31825ccde5
Loo C, Katalinic N, Mitchell PB, Greenberg B (2010) Physical treatments for bipolar disorder: a review of electroconvulsive therapy, stereotactic surgery and other brain stimulation techniques. J Affect Disord 132(1–2):1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.017, S0165-0327(10)00552-5 [pii]
Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C, Juckel G, Assion HJ (2007) Half a century of antidepressant drugs: on the clinical introduction of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, and tetracyclics. Part I: monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol 27(6):555–559. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181bb617
Lund Y, Nissen M, Rafaelsen OJ (1982) Long-term lithium treatment and psychological functions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 65(3):233–244
Lusznat RM, Murphy DP, Nunn CM (1988) Carbamazepine vs lithium in the treatment and prophylaxis of mania. Br J Psychiatry 153:198–204
Lydiard RB, Culpepper L, Schioler H, Gustafsson U, Paulsson B (2009) Quetiapine monotherapy as treatment for anxiety symptoms in patients with bipolar depression: a pooled analysis of results from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 11(5):215–225. doi:10.4088/PCC.08m00659
Maarbjerg K, Aagaard J, Vestergaard P (1988) Adherence to lithium prophylaxis: I. Clinical predictors and patient’s reasons for nonadherence. Pharmacopsychiatry 21(3):121–125. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014662
Macfadden W, Alphs L, Haskins JT, Turner N, Turkoz I, Bossie C, Kujawa M, Mahmoud R (2009) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of maintenance treatment with adjunctive risperidone long-acting therapy in patients with bipolar I disorder who relapse frequently. Bipolar Disord 11(8):827–839. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00761.x, BDI761 [pii]
Machado-Vieira R, Soares JC, Lara DR, Luckenbaugh DA, Busnello JV, Marca G, Cunha A, Souza DO, Zarate CA Jr, Kapczinski F (2008) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled 4-week study on the efficacy and safety of the purinergic agents allopurinol and dipyridamole adjunctive to lithium in acute bipolar mania. J Clin Psychiatry 69(8):1237–1245, ej07m03858 [pii]
Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, Copolov DL, Malhi GS, Kohlmann K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I, Anderson-Hunt M, Berk M (2011) N-acetyl cysteine add-on treatment for bipolar II disorder: a subgroup analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 129(1-3):317–320. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.08.001, S0165-0327(10)00520-3 [pii]
Malhi GS, Tanious M, Gershon S (2011) The lithiumeter: a measured approach. Bipolar Disord 13(3):219–226. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00918.x
Malm H (2012) Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and infant outcome. Ther Drug Monit 34(6):607–614. doi:10.1097/FTD.0b013e31826d07ea
Mander AJ, Loudon JB (1988) Rapid recurrence of mania following abrupt discontinuation of lithium. Lancet 2(8601):15–17
Marcus R, Khan A, Rollin L, Morris B, Timko K, Carson W, Sanchez R (2011) Efficacy of aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium or valproate in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder with an inadequate response to lithium or valproate monotherapy: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Bipolar Disord 13(2):133–144. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00898.x
Margo A, McMahon P (1982) Lithium withdrawal triggers psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 141:407–410
Marmol F (2008) Lithium: bipolar disorder and neurodegenerative diseases Possible cellular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of lithium. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 32(8):1761–1771. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.08.012
McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI (1989) Valproate in psychiatric disorders: literature review and clinical guidelines. J Clin Psychiatry 50(Suppl):23–29
McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Hudson JI, Faedda GL, Swann AC (1992) Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. Am J Psychiatry 149(12):1633–1644
McElroy SL, Keck PE, Stanton SP, Tugrul KC, Bennett JA, Strakowski SM (1996) A randomized comparison of divalproex oral loading versus haloperidol in the initial treatment of acute psychotic mania. J Clin Psychiatry 57(4):142–146
McElroy SL, Martens BE, Creech RS, Welge JA, Jefferson L, Guerdjikova AI, Keck PE Jr (2010a) Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of divalproex extended release loading monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder patients with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. J Clin Psychiatry 71(5):557–565. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04854yel
McElroy SL, Martens BE, Winstanley EL, Creech R, Malhotra S, Keck PE Jr (2010b) Placebo-controlled study of quetiapine monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. J Affect Disord 124(1–2):157–163. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.11.014, S0165-0327(09)00507-2 [pii]
McElroy SL, Weisler RH, Chang W, Olausson B, Paulsson B, Brecher M, Agambaram V, Merideth C, Nordenhem A, Young AH (2010c) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and paroxetine as monotherapy in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). J Clin Psychiatry 71(2):163–174. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04942gre
McElroy SL, Winstanley EL, Martens B, Patel NC, Mori N, Moeller D, McCoy J, Keck PE Jr (2010d) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive ramelteon in ambulatory bipolar I disorder with manic symptoms and sleep disturbance. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 26(1):48–53. doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e3283400d35
McIntyre RS, Brecher M, Paulsson B, Huizar K, Mullen J (2005) Quetiapine or haloperidol as monotherapy for bipolar mania–a 12-week, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15(5):573–585
McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J (2009a) A 3-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states. Bipolar Disord 11(7):673–686. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00748.x, BDI748 [pii]
McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J (2009b) Asenapine versus olanzapine in acute mania: a double-blind extension study. Bipolar Disord 11(8):815–826. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00749.x, BDI749 [pii]
McIntyre RS, Muzina DJ, Adams A, Lourenco MT, Law CW, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Nathanson J, Kennedy SH (2009c) Quetiapine XR efficacy and tolerability as monotherapy and as adjunctive treatment to conventional antidepressants in the acute and maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder: a review of registration trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother 10(18):3061–3075. doi:10.1517/14656560903448837
McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J (2010a) Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study. J Affect Disord 126(3):358–365. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.005, S0165-0327(10)00341-1 [pii]
McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J (2010b) Asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 122(1–2):27–38. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.028, S0165-0327(10)00007-8 [pii]
McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Woldeyohannes HO, Miranda A, Vaccarino A, Macqueen G, Lewis GF, Kennedy SH (2012) A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial evaluating the effect of intranasal insulin on neurocognitive function in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 14(7):697–706. doi:10.1111/bdi.12006
Medda P, Perugi G, Zanello S, Ciuffa M, Cassano GB (2009) Response to ECT in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression. J Affect Disord 118(1–3):55–59. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.014
Medhi B, Prakash O, Jose VM, Pradhan B, Chakrabarty S, Pandhi P (2008) Seasonal variation in plasma levels of lithium in the Indian population: is there a need to modify the dose? Singapore Med J 49(9):724–727
Meehan K, Zhang F, David S, Tohen M, Janicak P, Small J, Koch M, Rizk R, Walker D, Tran P, Breier A (2001) A double-blind, randomized comparison of the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of olanzapine, lorazepam, or placebo in treating acutely agitated patients diagnosed with bipolar mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 21(4):389–397
Melia PI (1970) Prophylactic lithium: a double-blind trial in recurrent affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry 116(535):621–624
Mendels J (1976) Lithium in the treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry 133(4):373–378
Meunier H, Carraz G, Neunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M (1963) Pharmacodynamic properties of N-dipropylacetic acid. Therapie 18:435–438
Mishory A, Yaroslavsky Y, Bersudsky Y, Belmaker RH (2000) Phenytoin as an antimanic anticonvulsant: a controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 157(3):463–465
Mishory A, Winokur M, Bersudsky Y (2003) Prophylactic effect of phenytoin in bipolar disorder: a controlled study. Bipolar Disord 5(6):464–467, 070 [pii]
Mitchell S (1870) On the use of bromide of lithium. Am J Med Sci 60:443–445
Mitchell S (1877) Clinical lecture on nervousness in the male. Med News 35:177–184
Mitchell PB, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (2000) Lithium treatment for bipolar disorder. Bull World Health Organ 78(4):515–517
Mudur G (2006) Indian study sparks debate on the use of placebo in psychiatry trials. BMJ 332(7541):566
Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Retzow A, Henn FA, Giedke H, Walden J (2000) Valproate as an adjunct to neuroleptic medication for the treatment of acute episodes of mania: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. European Valproate Mania Study Group. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20(2):195–203
Muralidharan K, Ali M, Silveira LE, Bond DJ, Fountoulakis KN, Lam RW, Yatham LN (2013) Efficacy of second generation antipsychotics in treating acute mixed episodes in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. J Affect Disord 150(2):408–414. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.032
Murphy BL, Stoll AL, Harris PQ, Ravichandran C, Babb SM, Carlezon WA Jr, Cohen BM (2012) Omega-3 fatty acid treatment, with or without cytidine, fails to show therapeutic properties in bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized add-on clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32(5):699–703. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e318266854c
Muzina DJ, Momah C, Eudicone JM, Pikalov A, McQuade RD, Marcus RN, Sanchez R, Carlson BX (2008) Aripiprazole monotherapy in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar I disorder: an analysis from a long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Clin Pract 62(5):679–687. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01735.x, IJCP1735 [pii]
Muzina DJ, Gao K, Kemp DE, Khalife S, Ganocy SJ, Chan PK, Serrano MB, Conroy CM, Calabrese JR (2010) Acute efficacy of divalproex sodium versus placebo in mood stabilizer-naive bipolar I or II depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 72:813–819. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05570gre
Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Anderson B, George MS (2003) Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord 5(1):40–47
NCT00141271 A six-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, fixed-flexible dose, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of oral ziprasidone in outpatients with bipolar I depression. Unpublished
NCT00282464 A six-week flexible dose study evaluating the efficacy and safety of geodon in patients with bipolar I depression
NCT00329108 study results (2009) http://165.112.8.96/ct2/show/results/NCT00329108
Nejtek VA, Avila M, Chen LA, Zielinski T, Djokovic M, Podawiltz A, Kaiser K, Bae S, Rush AJ (2008) Do atypical antipsychotics effectively treat co-occurring bipolar disorder and stimulant dependence? A randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 69(8):1257–1266, ej07m03385 [pii]
Nemeroff CB, Evans DL, Gyulai L, Sachs GS, Bowden CL, Gergel IP, Oakes R, Pitts CD (2001) Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of imipramine and paroxetine in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 158(6):906–912
Nery FG, Monkul ES, Hatch JP, Fonseca M, Zunta-Soares GB, Frey BN, Bowden CL, Soares JC (2008) Celecoxib as an adjunct in the treatment of depressive or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Hum Psychopharmacol 23(2):87–94. doi:10.1002/hup.912
Niufan G, Tohen M, Qiuqing A, Fude Y, Pope E, McElroy H, Ming L, Gaohua W, Xinbao Z, Huichun L, Liang S (2008) Olanzapine versus lithium in the acute treatment of bipolar mania: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Affect Disord 105(1–3):101–108
Nivoli AM, Colom F, Murru A, Pacchiarotti I, Castro-Loli P, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E (2011) New treatment guidelines for acute bipolar depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 129(1–3):14–26. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.018
Noack CH, Trautner EM (1951) The lithium treatment of maniacal psychosis. Med J Aust 2(7):219–222
Nolen WA, Weisler RH (2013) The association of the effect of lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium plasma levels: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind study comparing switching to lithium or placebo in patients who responded to quetiapine (Trial 144). Bipolar Disord 15(1):100–109. doi:10.1111/bdi.12027
Norris ER, Karen B, Correll JR, Zemanek KJ, Lerman J, Primelo RA, Kaufmann MW (2013) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia and mood stability in patients with euthymic bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 144(1–2):141–147. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.023, S0165-0327(12)00472-7 [pii]
Noyes R Jr, Dempsey GM (1974) Lithium treatment of depression. Dis Nerv Syst 35(12):573–576
Noyes R Jr, Dempsey GM, Blum A, Cavanaugh GL (1974) Lithium treatment of depression. Compr Psychiatry 15(3):187–193
Okuma T, Kishimoto A (1998) A history of investigation on the mood stabilizing effect of carbamazepine in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52(1):3–12. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb00966.x
Okuma T, Inanaga K, Otsuki S, Sarai K, Takahashi R, Hazama H, Mori A, Watanabe M (1979) Comparison of the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and chlorpromazine: a double-blind controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 66(3):211–217
Okuma T, Inanaga K, Otsuki S, Sarai K, Takahashi R, Hazama H, Mori A, Watanabe S (1981) A preliminary double-blind study on the efficacy of carbamazepine in prophylaxis of manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 73(1):95–96
Okuma T, Yamashita I, Takahashi R, Itoh H, Otsuki S, Watanabe S, Sarai K, Hazama H, Inanaga K (1990) Comparison of the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and lithium carbonate by double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry 23(3):143–150
Ono S, Mihara K, Suzuki A, Kondo T, Yasui-Furukori N, Furukori H, de Vries R, Kaneko S (2002) Significant pharmacokinetic interaction between risperidone and carbamazepine: its relationship with CYP2D6 genotypes. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 162(1):50–54. doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1056-8
Oquendo MA, Galfalvy HC, Currier D, Grunebaum MF, Sher L, Sullivan GM, Burke AK, Harkavy-Friedman J, Sublette ME, Parsey RV, Mann JJ (2011) Treatment of suicide attempters with bipolar disorder: a randomized clinical trial comparing lithium and valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior. Am J Psychiatry 168(10):1050–1056. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010163, appi.ajp.2011.11010163 [pii]
Osman OT, Rudorfer MV, Potter WZ (1989) Idazoxan: a selective alpha 2-antagonist and effective sustained antidepressant in two bipolar depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46(10):958–959
Pacchiarotti I, Bond DJ, Baldessarini RJ, Nolen WA, Grunze H, Licht RW, Post RM, Berk M, Goodwin GM, Sachs GS, Tondo L, Findling RL, Youngstrom EA, Tohen M, Undurraga J, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Goldberg JF, Yildiz A, Altshuler LL, Calabrese JR, Mitchell PB, Thase ME, Koukopoulos A, Colom F, Frye MA, Malhi GS, Fountoulakis KN, Vazquez G, Perlis RH, Ketter TA, Cassidy F, Akiskal H, Azorin JM, Valenti M, Mazzei DH, Lafer B, Kato T, Mazzarini L, Martinez-Aran A, Parker G, Souery D, Ozerdem A, McElroy SL, Girardi P, Bauer M, Yatham LN, Zarate CA, Nierenberg AA, Birmaher B, Kanba S, El-Mallakh RS, Serretti A, Rihmer Z, Young AH, Kotzalidis GD, MacQueen GM, Bowden CL, Ghaemi SN, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Rybakowski J, Ha K, Perugi G, Kasper S, Amsterdam JD, Hirschfeld RM, Kapczinski F, Vieta E (2013) The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry 170(11):1249–1262. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020185
Pae CU, Masand PS, Mandel FS, O’Gorman C (2012) Achieving and sustaining remission in bipolar I disorder with ziprasidone : a post hoc analysis of a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Drug Investig 32(11):747–754. doi:10.1007/s40261-012-0009-1
Pan YJ, Hsieh MH, Liu SK (2011) Visuospatial working memory deficits in remitted patients with bipolar disorder: susceptibility to the effects of GABAergic agonists. Bipolar Disord 13(4):365–376. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00931.x
Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Janney CA, Werth JL, Tsaroucha G (2000) Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: a placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive therapy. Gabapentin Bipolar Disorder Study Group. Bipolar Disord 2(3 Pt 2):249–255
Parker G, Tully L, Olley A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D (2006) SSRIs as mood stabilizers for bipolar II disorder? A proof of concept study. J Affect Disord 92(2–3):205–214
Patel V (2006) Ethics of placebo-controlled trial in severe mania. Indian J Med Ethics 3(1):11–12
Pecknold JC, Fleury D (1986) Alprazolam-induced manic episode in two patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 143(5):652–653
Perlis RH, Sachs GS, Lafer B, Otto MW, Faraone SV, Kane JM, Rosenbaum JF (2002) Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: a reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data. Am J Psychiatry 159(7):1155–1159
Perlis RH, Baker RW, Zarate CA Jr, Brown EB, Schuh LM, Jamal HH, Tohen M (2006a) Olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of manic or mixed States in bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 67(11):1747–1753
Perlis RH, Welge JA, Vornik LA, Hirschfeld RM, Keck PE Jr (2006b) Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mania: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry 67(4):509–516
Persson G (1972) Lithium prophylaxis in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 48:462–479
Perugi G, Toni C, Frare F, Travierso MC, Hantouche E, Akiskal HS (2002) Obsessive-compulsive-bipolar comorbidity: a systematic exploration of clinical features and treatment outcome. J Clin Psychiatry 63(12):1129–1134
Pilhatsch M, Wolf R, Winter C, Lewitzka U, Bauer M (2010) Comparison of paroxetine and amitriptyline as adjunct to lithium maintenance therapy in bipolar depression: a reanalysis of a randomized, double-blind study. J Affect Disord 126(3):453–457. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.025, S0165-0327(10)00361-7 [pii]
Placidi GF, Lenzi A, Lazzerini F, Cassano GB, Akiskal HS (1986) The comparative efficacy and safety of carbamazepine versus lithium: a randomized, double-blind 3-year trial in 83 patients. J Clin Psychiatry 47(10):490–494
Platman SR (1970) A comparison of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in mania. Am J Psychiatry 127(3):351–353
Pope HG Jr, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Hudson JI (1991) Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. A placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(1):62–68
Popovic D, Reinares M, Amann B, Salamero M, Vieta E (2010) Number needed to treat analyses of drugs used for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 213(4):657–667. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2056-8
Porto FH, Leite MA, Fontenelle LF, Marrocos RP, Szczerback NF, de Freitas MR (2009) The Syndrome of Irreversible Lithium-Effectuated Neurotoxicity (SILENT): one-year follow-up of a single case. J Neurol Sci 277(1–2):172–173. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2008.10.010
Post RM, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Joffe RT (1987) Correlates of antimanic response to carbamazepine. Psychiatry Res 21(1):71–83
Post R, Leverich G, Altshuler L, Mikalauskas K (1992) Lithium-discontinuation-induced refractoriness: preliminary observations. Am J Psychiatry 149:1727
Post RM, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes T, Rush AJ, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Kupka R, Nolen WA (2001) Rate of switch in bipolar patients prospectively treated with second-generation antidepressants as augmentation to mood stabilizers. Bipolar Disord 3(5):259–265
Post RM, Leverich GS, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes T, McElroy S, Keck P, Grunze H, Walden J (2003) A re-evaluation of the role of antidepressants in the treatment of bipolar depression: data from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network. Bipolar Disord 5(6):396–406, 065 [pii]
Post RM, Altshuler LL, Leverich GS, Frye MA, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Suppes T, McElroy S, Keck PE, Denicoff KD, Grunze H, Walden J, Kitchen CM, Mintz J (2006) Mood switch in bipolar depression: comparison of adjunctive venlafaxine, bupropion and sertraline. Br J Psychiatry 189:124–131
Potkin SG, Keck PE Jr, Segal S, Ice K, English P (2005) Ziprasidone in acute bipolar mania: a 21-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled replication trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol 25(4):301–310
Praharaj SK, Ram D, Arora M (2009) Efficacy of high frequency (rapid) suprathreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of right prefrontal cortex in bipolar mania: a randomized sham controlled study. J Affect Disord 117(3):146–150. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.020, S0165-0327(09)00004-4 [pii]
Prien RF, Caffey EM Jr, Klett CJ (1972) Comparison of lithium carbonate and chlorpromazine in the treatment of mania. Report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26(2):146–153
Prien RF, Caffey EM Jr, Klett CJ (1973a) Prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate in manic-depressive illness. Report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health collaborative study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28(3):337–341
Prien RF, Klett CJ, Caffey EM Jr (1973b) Lithium carbonate and imipramine in prevention of affective episodes. A comparison in recurrent affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 29(3):420–425
Prien RF, Kupfer DJ, Mansky PA, Small JG, Tuason VB, Voss CB, Johnson WE (1984) Drug therapy in the prevention of recurrences in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Report of the NIMH Collaborative Study Group comparing lithium carbonate, imipramine, and a lithium carbonate-imipramine combination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(11):1096–1104
Quante A, Zeugmann S, Luborzewski A, Schommer N, Langosch J, Born C, Anghelescu I, Wolf J (2010) Aripiprazole as adjunct to a mood stabilizer and citalopram in bipolar depression: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol 25(2):126–132. doi:10.1002/hup.1096
Quiroz JA, Yatham LN, Palumbo JM, Karcher K, Kushner S, Kusumakar V (2010) Risperidone long-acting injectable monotherapy in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Biol Psychiatry 68(2):156–162. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.015, S0006-3223(10)00057-0 [pii]
Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M (2006) Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Reprod Toxicol 22(4):571–575. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.03.019
Reimers A, Helde G, Brodtkorb E (2005) Ethinyl estradiol, not progestogens, reduces lamotrigine serum concentrations. Epilepsia 46(9):1414–1417. doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.10105.x
Reinares M, Rosa AR, Franco C, Goikolea JM, Fountoulakis K, Siamouli M, Gonda X, Frangou S, Vieta E (2013) A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16(2):485–496. doi:10.1017/S1461145712000491, S1461145712000491 [pii]
Reus VI, Targum SD, Weingarter H, Post RM (1979) Effect of lithium carbonate on memory processes of bipolar affectively ill patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 63(1):39–42
Riesenberg RA, Baldytcheva I, Datto C (2012) Self-reported sedation profile of quetiapine extended-release and quetiapine immediate-release during 6-day initial dose escalation in bipolar depression: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase IV study. Clin Ther 34(11):2202–2211. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.09.002, S0149-2918(12)00524-3 [pii]
Rihmer Z, Barsi J, Belso N, Pestality P, Gyorgy S (1996) Antidepressant-induced hypomania in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 11(3):203–205
Robertson B, Grunze H, Versavel M, Costa R, Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P (2010) Results of a double-blind, randomized, dose-titration, placebo controlled multicenter trial (SCO/BIA-2093-203 study) on safety and efficacy of eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093) for acute manic episodes associated with biopolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 12(Suppl 12):46
Robitzek EH, Selikoff IJ, Ornstein GG (1952) Chemotherapy of human tuberculosis with hydrazine derivatives of isonicotinic acid; preliminary report of representative cases. Q Bull Sea View Hosp N Y Sea View Hosp Staten Island Clin Soc 13(1):27–51
Robitzek EH, Selikoff IJ, Mamlok E, Tendlau A (1953) Isoniazid and its isopropyl derivative in the therapy of tuberculosis in humans: comparative therapeutic and toxicologic properties. Dis Chest 23(1):1–15
Rogawski MA, Loscher W (2004a) The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs. Nat Rev Neurosci 5(7):553–564. doi:10.1038/nrn1430
Rogawski MA, Loscher W (2004b) The neurobiology of antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of nonepileptic conditions. Nat Med 10(7):685–692. doi:10.1038/nm1074
Rosa AR, Fountoulakis K, Siamouli M, Gonda X, Vieta E (2011) Is anticonvulsant treatment of mania a class effect? Data from randomized clinical trials. CNS Neurosci Ther 17(3):167–177. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00089.x, CNS89 [pii]
Roy Chengappa KN, Schwarzman LK, Hulihan JF, Xiang J, Rosenthal NR (2006) Adjunctive topiramate therapy in patients receiving a mood stabilizer for bipolar I disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 67(11):1698–1706
Sachs GS, Lafer B, Stoll AL, Banov M, Thibault AB, Tohen M, Rosenbaum JF (1994) A double-blind trial of bupropion versus desipramine for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 55(9):391–393
Sachs GS, Collins MA, Altshuler LL, Ketter TA, Suppes T, Rasgon NL, Frye MA, Wozniak P (2001) Divalproex sodium versus placebo in the treatment of bipolar depression. In: 40th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, 8th Dec 2001
Sachs GS, Grossman F, Ghaemi SN, Okamoto A, Bowden CL (2002) Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. Am J Psychiatry 159(7):1146–1154
Sachs G, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Mullen JA, Brecher M, Devine NA, Sweitzer DE (2004) Quetiapine with lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord 6(3):213–223
Sachs G, Sanchez R, Marcus R, Stock E, McQuade R, Carson W, Abou-Gharbia N, Impellizzeri C, Kaplita S, Rollin L, Iwamoto T (2006) Aripiprazole in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder: a 3-week placebo-controlled study. J Psychopharmacol 20(4):536–546
Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, Marangell LB, Wisniewski SR, Gyulai L, Friedman ES, Bowden CL, Fossey MD, Ostacher MJ, Ketter TA, Patel J, Hauser P, Rapport D, Martinez JM, Allen MH, Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Dennehy EB, Thase ME (2007) Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med 356(17):1711–1722. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064135, NEJMoa064135 [pii]
Sachs GS, Ice KS, Chappell PB, Schwartz JH, Gurtovaya O, Vanderburg DG, Kasuba B (2011) Efficacy and safety of adjunctive oral ziprasidone for acute treatment of depression in patients with bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 72:1413–1422. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05934
Sachs GS, Vanderburg DG, Edman S, Karayal ON, Kolluri S, Bachinsky M, Cavus I (2012a) Adjunctive oral ziprasidone in patients with acute mania treated with lithium or divalproex, part 1: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 73(11):1412–1419. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07388
Sachs GS, Vanderburg DG, Edman S, Karayal ON, Kolluri S, Bachinsky M, Cavus I (2012b) Adjunctive oral ziprasidone in patients with acute mania treated with lithium or divalproex, part 2: influence of protocol-specific eligibility criteria on signal detection. J Clin Psychiatry 73(11):1420–1425. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m07389
Salinsky MC, Storzbach D, Spencer DC, Oken BS, Landry T, Dodrill CB (2005) Effects of topiramate and gabapentin on cognitive abilities in healthy volunteers. Neurology 64(5):792–798. doi:10.1212/01.WNL.0000152877.08088.87, 64/5/792 [pii]
Salzer HM, Lurie ML (1953) Anxiety and depressive states treated with isonicotinyl hydrazide (isoniazid). AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 70(3):317–324
Sanger TM, Tohen M, Vieta E, Dunner DL, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Feldman PD, Jacobs TG, Breier A (2003) Olanzapine in the acute treatment of bipolar I disorder with a history of rapid cycling. J Affect Disord 73(1–2):155–161, S0165032702003348 [pii]
Saricicek A, Maloney K, Muralidharan A, Ruf B, Blumberg HP, Sanacora G, Lorberg B, Pittman B, Bhagwagar Z (2010) Levetiracetam in the management of bipolar depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 72(6):744–750. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05659gre
Sarris J, Mischoulon D, Schweitzer I (2012) Omega-3 for bipolar disorder: meta-analyses of use in mania and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 73(1):81–86. doi:10.4088/JCP.10r06710
Sartorius N, Baghai TC, Baldwin DS, Barrett B, Brand U, Fleischhacker W, Goodwin G, Grunze H, Knapp M, Leonard BE, Lieberman J, Nakane Y, Pinder RM, Schatzberg AF, Svestka J, Baumann P, Ghalib K, Markowitz JC, Padberg F, Fink M, Furukawa T, Fountoulakis KN, Jensen P, Kanba S, Riecher-Rossler A (2007) Antidepressant medications and other treatments of depressive disorders: a CINP Task Force report based on a review of evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10(Suppl 1):S1–S207. doi:10.1017/S1461145707008255
Sayyaparaju KK, Grunze H, Fountoulakis KN (2014) When to start aripiprazole therapy in patients with bipolar mania. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 10:459–470. doi:10.2147/NDT.S40066
Schaffer A, Zuker P, Levitt A (2006) Randomized, double-blind pilot trial comparing lamotrigine versus citalopram for the treatment of bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 96(1–2):95–99
Scherk H, Pajonk FG, Leucht S (2007) Second-generation antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(4):442–455. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.442, 64/4/442 [pii]
Schioldann J (1999) John Cade’s seminal lithium paper turns fifty. Acta Psychiatr Scand 100(6):403–405
Schioldann J (2006) Obituary: Mogens Abelin Schou (1918-2005) – half a century with lithium. Hist Psychiatry 17(2):247–252
Schioldann J (2011) ‘On periodical depressions and their pathogenesis’ by Carl Lange (1886). Hist Psychiatry 22(85 Pt 1):108–130
Schneck CD, Miklowitz DJ, Miyahara S, Araga M, Wisniewski S, Gyulai L, Allen MH, Thase ME, Sachs GS (2008) The prospective course of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. Am J Psychiatry 165:370–377
Schou M (1963) Normothymotics, “mood-normalizers”: are lithium and the imipramine drugs specific for affective disorders? Br J Psychiatry 109:803–809
Schou M (1979) Artistic productivity and lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 135:97–103
Schou M, Juel-Nielsen N, Stromgren E, Voldby H (1954) The treatment of manic psychoses by the administration of lithium salts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 17(4):250–260
Schou M, Baastrup PC, Grof P, Weis P, Angst J (1970) Pharmacological and clinical problems of lithium prophylaxis. Br J Psychiatry 116(535):615–619
Segal J, Berk M, Brook S (1998) Risperidone compared with both lithium and haloperidol in mania: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 21(3):176–180
Selifoff IJ, Robitzek EH, Ornstein GG (1952) Toxicity of hydrazine derivatives of isonicotinic acid in the chemotherapy of human tuberculosis; a preliminary report. Q Bull Sea View Hosp N Y Sea View Hosp Staten Island Clin Soc 13(1):17–26
Selikoff IJ, Robitzek EH (1952) Tuberculosis chemotherapy with hydrazine derivatives of isonicotinic acid. Dis Chest 21(4):385–438
Senturk V, Goker C, Bilgic A, Olmez S, Tugcu H, Oncu B, Atbasoglu EC (2007) Impaired verbal memory and otherwise spared cognition in remitted bipolar patients on monotherapy with lithium or valproate. Bipolar Disord 9(Suppl 1):136–144. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00481.x, BDI481 [pii]
Seo HJ, Chiesa A, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Han C, Masand PS, Serretti A, Pae CU (2010) Safety and tolerability of lamotrigine: results from 12 placebo-controlled clinical trials and clinical implications. Clin Neuropharmacol 34(1):39–47. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e3182055c07, 00002826-201101000-00009 [pii]
Serretti A, Artioli P, Zanardi R, Lorenzi C, Rossini D, Cusin C, Arnoldi A, Catalano M (2004) Genetic features of antidepressant induced mania and hypo-mania in bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 174(4):504–511. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1948-x
Shafti SS (2010) Olanzapine vs. lithium in management of acute mania. J Affect Disord 122(3):273–276. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.013, S0165-0327(09)00396-6 [pii]
Shaw ED, Mann JJ, Stokes PE, Manevitz AZ (1986) Effects of lithium carbonate on associative productivity and idiosyncrasy in bipolar outpatients. Am J Psychiatry 143(9):1166–1169
Shaw ED, Stokes PE, Mann JJ, Manevitz AZ (1987) Effects of lithium carbonate on the memory and motor speed of bipolar outpatients. J Abnorm Psychol 96(1):64–69
Sheehan DV, McElroy SL, Harnett-Sheehan K, Keck PE Jr, Janavs J, Rogers J, Gonzalez R, Shivakumar G, Suppes T (2009) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of risperidone for acute treatment of bipolar anxiety. J Affect Disord 115(3):376–385. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.005, S0165-0327(08)00401-1 [pii]
Sheehan DV, Harnett-Sheehan K, Hidalgo RB, Janavs J, McElroy SL, Amado D, Suppes T (2013) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine XR and divalproex ER monotherapies in the treatment of the anxious bipolar patient. J Affect Disord 145(1):83–94. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.016, S0165-0327(12)00535-6 [pii]
Shelton RC, Stahl SM (2004) Risperidone and paroxetine given singly and in combination for bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 65(12):1715–1719
Shepard TH, Brent RL, Friedman JM, Jones KL, Miller RK, Moore CA, Polifka JE (2002) Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology 65(4):153–161. doi:10.1002/tera.10032
Shepherd M (1970) A prophylactic myth. Int J Psychiatry 9:423–425
Sherwood Brown E, Carmody TJ, Schmitz JM, Caetano R, Adinoff B, Swann AC, John Rush A (2009) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of naltrexone in outpatients with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 33(11):1863–1869. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01024.x, ACER1024 [pii]
Shi L, Namjoshi MA, Swindle R, Yu X, Risser R, Baker RW, Tohen M (2004a) Effects of olanzapine alone and olanzapine/fluoxetine combination on health-related quality of life in patients with bipolar depression: secondary analyses of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Clin Ther 26(1):125–134
Shi L, Schuh LM, Trzepacz PT, Huang LX, Namjoshi MA, Tohen M (2004b) Improvement of positive and negative syndrome scale cognitive score associated with olanzapine treatment of acute mania. Curr Med Res Opin 20(9):1371–1376. doi:10.1185/030079904125004493
Sholomskas AJ (1990) Mania in a panic disorder patient treated with fluoxetine. Am J Psychiatry 147(8):1090–1091
Shopsin B, Gershon S, Thompson H, Collins P (1975) Psychoactive drugs in mania. A controlled comparison of lithium carbonate, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32(1):34–42
Shorter E (2009) The history of lithium therapy. Bipolar Disord 11(Suppl 2):4–9. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00706.x
Sidor MM, Macqueen GM (2010) Antidepressants for the acute treatment of bipolar depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 72:156–167. doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05385gre
Sidor MM, MacQueen GM (2012) An update on antidepressant use in bipolar depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep 14(6):696–704. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0323-6
Sienaert P, Lambrichts L, Dols A, De Fruyt J (2013) Evidence-based treatment strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review. Bipolar Disord 15(1):61–69. doi:10.1111/bdi.12026
Sikdar S, Kulhara P, Avasthi A, Singh H (1994) Combined chlorpromazine and electroconvulsive therapy in mania. Br J Psychiatry 164(6):806–810
Silva MT, Zimmermann IR, Galvao TF, Pereira MG (2013) Olanzapine plus fluoxetine for bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 146(3):310–318. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.001, S0165-0327(12)00735-5 [pii]
Silverstone T (2001) Moclobemide vs. imipramine in bipolar depression: a multicentre double-blind clinical trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104(2):104–109, acp240 [pii]
Simhandl C, Denk E, Thau K (1993) The comparative efficacy of carbamazepine low and high serum level and lithium carbonate in the prophylaxis of affective disorders. J Affect Disord 28(4):221–231
Small JG, Small IF, Moore DF (1971) Experimental withdrawal of lithium in recovered manic-depressive patients: a report of five cases. Am J Psychiatry 127(11):1555–1558
Small JG, Klapper MH, Milstein V, Kellams JJ, Miller MJ, Marhenke JD, Small IF (1991) Carbamazepine compared with lithium in the treatment of mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(10):915–921
Small JG, Klapper MH, Marhenke JD, Milstein V, Woodham GC, Kellams JJ (1995) Lithium combined with carbamazepine or haloperidol in the treatment of mania. Psychopharmacol Bull 31(2):265–272
Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, Tacchi MJ, Taylor D (2007) Acute bipolar mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of co-therapy vs. monotherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 115(1):12–20. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00912.x, ACP912 [pii]
Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Azorin JM, Perugi G, Vieta E, Young AH, Bowden CL (2010) Valproate for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 122(1–2):1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.033, S0165-0327(09)00495-9 [pii]
Smulevich AB, Khanna S, Eerdekens M, Karcher K, Kramer M, Grossman F (2005) Acute and continuation risperidone monotherapy in bipolar mania: a 3-week placebo-controlled trial followed by a 9-week double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15(1):75–84
Solomon DA, Ristow WR, Keller MB, Kane JM, Gelenberg AJ, Rosenbaum JF, Warshaw MG (1996) Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry 153(10):1301–1307
Squire LR, Judd LL, Janowsky DS, Huey LY (1980) Effects of lithium carbonate on memory and other cognitive functions. Am J Psychiatry 137(9):1042–1046
Srisurapanont M, Yatham LN, Zis AP (1995) Treatment of acute bipolar depression: a review of the literature. Can J Psychiatr 40(9):533–544
Srivastava S, Wang PW, Hill SJ, Childers ME, Keller KL, Ketter TA (2012) Pilot study of the efficacy of double-blind, placebo-controlled one-week olanzapine stabilization therapy in heterogeneous symptomatic bipolar disorder patients. J Psychiatr Res 46(7):920–926. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.004, S0022-3956(12)00110-0 [pii]
Stahl S, Lombardo I, Loebel A, Mandel FS (2010) Efficacy of ziprasidone in dysphoric mania: pooled analysis of two double-blind studies. J Affect Disord 122(1–2):39–45. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.023, S0165-0327(09)00280-8 [pii]
Steiner W (1991) Fluoxetine-induced mania in a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 148(10):1403–1404
Stokes PE, Shamoian CA, Stoll PM, Patton MJ (1971) Efficacy of lithium as acute treatment of manic-depressive illness. Lancet 1(7713):1319–1325
Stoll K, Goncalves N, Krober H, Demisch K, Bellaire W (1989) Use of carbamazepine in affective illness. In: Lerer G, Gershon S (eds) New directions in affective disorders. Springer, New York, pp 540–544
Stoll AL, Locke CA, Vuckovic A, Mayer PV (1996) Lithium-associated cognitive and functional deficits reduced by a switch to divalproex sodium: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 57(8):356–359
Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB (1999) Omega 3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56(5):407–412
Strobusch AD, Jefferson JW (1980) The checkered history of lithium in medicine. Pharm Hist 22(2):72–76
Suppes T, Webb A, Paul B, Carmody T, Kraemer H, Rush AJ (1999) Clinical outcome in a randomized 1-year trial of clozapine versus treatment as usual for patients with treatment-resistant illness and a history of mania. Am J Psychiatry 156(8):1164–1169
Suppes T, Brown E, Schuh LM, Baker RW, Tohen M (2005) Rapid versus non-rapid cycling as a predictor of response to olanzapine and divalproex sodium for bipolar mania and maintenance of remission: post hoc analyses of 47-week data. J Affect Disord 89(1–3):69–77
Suppes T, Eudicone J, McQuade R, Pikalov A 3rd, Carlson B (2008a) Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in subpopulations with acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord 107(1–3):145–154. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.015, S0165-0327(07)00299-6 [pii]
Suppes T, Hirschfeld RM, Vieta E, Raines S, Paulsson B (2008b) Quetiapine for the treatment of bipolar II depression: analysis of data from two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. World J Biol Psychiatry 9(3):198–211. doi:10.1080/15622970701317265, 778576702 [pii]
Suppes T, Vieta E, Liu S, Brecher M, Paulsson B (2009) Maintenance treatment for patients with bipolar I disorder: results from a north american study of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex (trial 127). Am J Psychiatry 166(4):476–488. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08020189, appi.ajp.2008.08020189 [pii]
Suppes T, Datto C, Minkwitz M, Nordenhem A, Walker C, Darko D (2010) Effectiveness of the extended release formulation of quetiapine as monotherapy for the treatment of acute bipolar depression. J Affect Disord 121(1–2):106–115. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.007, S0165-0327(09)00467-4 [pii]
Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, Calabrese JR, Petty F, Small J, Dilsaver SC, Davis JM (1997) Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(1):37–42
Swartz HA, Thase ME (2011) Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of acute bipolar II depression: current evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 72(3):356–366. doi:10.4088/JCP.09r05192gre
Sylvia LG, Peters AT, Deckersbach T, Nierenberg AA (2013) Nutrient-based therapies for bipolar disorder: a systematic review. Psychother Psychosom 82(1):10–19. doi:10.1159/000341309, 000341309 [pii]
Szegedi A, Zhao J, van Willigenburg A, Nations KR, Mackle M, Panagides J (2011) Effects of asenapine on depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder experiencing acute manic or mixed episodes: a post hoc analysis of two 3-week clinical trials. BMC Psychiatry 11:101. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-101, 1471-244X-11-101 [pii]
Szegedi A, Calabrese JR, Stet L, Mackle M, Zhao J, Panagides J (2012) Asenapine as adjunctive treatment for acute mania associated with bipolar disorder: results of a 12-week core study and 40-week extension. J Clin Psychopharmacol 32(1):46–55. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31823f872f
Tamayo JM, Zarate CA, Vieta E, Vazquez G, Tohen M (2010) Level of response and safety of pharmacological monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I disorder phases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(6):1–20. doi:10.1017/S1461145709991246, S1461145709991246 [pii]
Tarr GP, Glue P, Herbison P (2010) Comparative efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilizer and second generation antipsychotic monotherapy for acute mania–a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 134(1–3):14–19. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.009, S0165-0327(10)00691-9 [pii]
Tarr GP, Herbison P, de la Barra SL, Glue P (2011) Study design and patient characteristics and outcome in acute mania clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 13(2):125–132. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00904.x
Thase ME, Mallinger AG, McKnight D, Himmelhoch JM (1992) Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression, IV: a double-blind crossover study of tranylcypromine for anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 149(2):195–198
Thase ME, Macfadden W, Weisler RH, Chang W, Paulsson B, Khan A, Calabrese JR (2006) Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar I and II depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the BOLDER II study). J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(6):600–609
Thase ME, Jonas A, Khan A, Bowden CL, Wu X, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Marcus RN, Owen R (2008) Aripiprazole monotherapy in nonpsychotic bipolar I depression: results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28(1):13–20
Thase ME, Bowden CL, Nashat M, Eudicone JM, Marcus R, McQuade RD, Carlson BX (2012) Aripiprazole in bipolar depression: a pooled, post-hoc analysis by severity of core depressive symptoms. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 16(2):121–131. doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.632680
Tohen M, Castillo J, Cole JO, Miller MG, de los Heros R, Farrer RJ (1991) Thrombocytopenia associated with carbamazepine: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry 52(12):496–498
Tohen M, Castillo J, Baldessarini RJ, Zarate C Jr, Kando JC (1995) Blood dyscrasias with carbamazepine and valproate: a pharmacoepidemiological study of 2,228 patients at risk. Am J Psychiatry 152(3):413–418
Tohen M, Sanger TM, McElroy SL, Tollefson GD, Chengappa KN, Daniel DG, Petty F, Centorrino F, Wang R, Grundy SL, Greaney MG, Jacobs TG, David SR, Toma V (1999) Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGEH Study Group. Am J Psychiatry 156(5):702–709
Tohen M, Jacobs TG, Grundy SL, McElroy SL, Banov MC, Janicak PG, Sanger T, Risser R, Zhang F, Toma V, Francis J, Tollefson GD, Breier A (2000) Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzipine HGGW Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(9):841–849
Tohen M, Baker RW, Altshuler LL, Zarate CA, Suppes T, Ketter TA, Milton DR, Risser R, Gilmore JA, Breier A, Tollefson GA (2002a) Olanzapine versus divalproex in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 159(6):1011–1017
Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Zarate CA Jr, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Baker RW, Risser RC, Keeter EL, Feldman PD, Tollefson GD, Breier A (2002b) Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(1):62–69
Tohen M, Goldberg JF, Gonzalez-Pinto Arrillaga AM, Azorin JM, Vieta E, Hardy-Bayle MC, Lawson WB, Emsley RA, Zhang F, Baker RW, Risser RC, Namjoshi MA, Evans AR, Breier A (2003a) A 12-week, double-blind comparison of olanzapine vs haloperidol in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(12):1218–1226
Tohen M, Ketter TA, Zarate CA, Suppes T, Frye M, Altshuler L, Zajecka J, Schuh LM, Risser RC, Brown E, Baker RW (2003b) Olanzapine versus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and maintenance of remission: a 47-week study. Am J Psychiatry 160(7):1263–1271
Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, Ketter TA, Sachs G, Bowden C, Mitchell PB, Centorrino F, Risser R, Baker RW, Evans AR, Beymer K, Dube S, Tollefson GD, Breier A (2003c) Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60(11):1079–1088
Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Baker RW, Zarate CA, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Ghaemi SN, Feldman PD, Risser RC, Evans AR, Calabrese JR (2004) Relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder: 18-month comparison of olanzapine plus mood stabiliser v. mood stabiliser alone. Br J Psychiatry 184:337–345
Tohen M, Greil W, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Yatham LN, Oerlinghausen BM, Koukopoulos A, Cassano GB, Grunze H, Licht RW, Dell’Osso L, Evans AR, Risser R, Baker RW, Crane H, Dossenbach MR, Bowden CL (2005) Olanzapine versus lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 162(7):1281–1290
Tohen M, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Banov MD, Detke HC, Risser R, Baker RW, Chou JC, Bowden CL (2006) Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine as maintenance therapy in patients with bipolar I disorder responding to acute treatment with olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry 163(2):247–256
Tohen M, Bowden CL, Smulevich AB, Bergstrom R, Quinlan T, Osuntokun O, Wang WV, Oliff HS, Martenyi F, Kryzhanovskaya LA, Greil W (2008a) Olanzapine plus carbamazepine v. carbamazepine alone in treating manic episodes. Br J Psychiatry 192(2):135–143. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041301, 192/2/135 [pii]
Tohen M, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, Sun B, Amsterdam JD, Banov M, Shekhar A, Aaronson ST, Bardenstein L, Grecu-Gabos I, Tochilov V, Prelipceanu D, Oliff HS, Kryzhanovskaya L, Bowden C (2008b) Olanzapine versus divalproex versus placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate mania: a randomized, 12-week, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 69(11):1776–1789, ej07m03788 [pii]
Tohen M, Sutton VK, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Bowden CL (2009) Maintenance of response following stabilization of mixed index episodes with olanzapine monotherapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bipolar 1 disorder. J Affect Disord 116(1–2):43–50. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.11.003, S0165-0327(08)00442-4 [pii]
Tohen M, McDonnell DP, Case M, Kanba S, Ha K, Fang YR, Katagiri H, Gomez JC (2012) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine in patients with bipolar I depression. Br J Psychiatry 201(5):376–382. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.108357, bjp.bp.112.108357 [pii]
Tohen M, Katagiri H, Fujikoshi S, Kanba S (2013) Efficacy of olanzapine monotherapy in acute bipolar depression: a pooled analysis of controlled studies. J Affect Disord 149(1–3):196–201. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.022
Tolliver BK, Desantis SM, Brown DG, Prisciandaro JJ, Brady KT (2012) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of acamprosate in alcohol-dependent individuals with bipolar disorder: a preliminary report. Bipolar Disord 14(1):54–63. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00973.x
Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ (2001) Lower suicide risk with long-term lithium treatment in major affective illness: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104(3):163–172, acp464 [pii]
Tondo L, Hennen J, Baldessarini RJ (2003) Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: effects of long-term treatments. Acta Psychiatr Scand 108(1):4–14, 126 [pii]
Tondo L, Vazquez G, Baldessarini RJ (2010) Mania associated with antidepressant treatment: comprehensive meta-analytic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 121(6):404–414. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01514.x, ACP1514 [pii]
Truman CJ, Goldberg JF, Ghaemi SN, Baldassano CF, Wisniewski SR, Dennehy EB, Thase ME, Sachs GS (2007) Self-reported history of manic/hypomanic switch associated with antidepressant use: data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). J Clin Psychiatry 68(10):1472–1479
Tsai AC, Rosenlicht NZ, Jureidini JN, Parry PI, Spielmans GI, Healy D (2011) Aripiprazole in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a critical review of the evidence and its dissemination into the scientific literature. PLoS Med 8(5):e1000434. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000434, 10-PLME-RA-5815R3 [pii]
van der Loos ML, Mulder PG, Hartong EG, Blom MB, Vergouwen AC, de Keyzer HJ, Notten PJ, Luteijn ML, Timmermans MA, Vieta E, Nolen WA (2009) Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 70(2):223–231, ej08m04152 [pii]
van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG, Blom MB, Vergouwen AC, van Noorden MS, Timmermans MA, Vieta E, Nolen WA (2010) Efficacy and safety of two treatment algorithms in bipolar depression consisting of a combination of lithium, lamotrigine or placebo and paroxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 122(3):246–254. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01537.x, ACP1537 [pii]
van der Loos ML, Mulder P, Hartong EG, Blom MB, Vergouwen AC, van Noorden MS, Timmermans MA, Vieta E, Nolen WA (2011) Long-term outcome of bipolar depressed patients receiving lamotrigine as add-on to lithium with the possibility of the addition of paroxetine in nonresponders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a novel design. Bipolar Disord 13(1):111–117. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00887.x
Van Lieshout RJ, MacQueen GM (2010) Efficacy and acceptability of mood stabilisers in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 196:266–273. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.057612, 196/4/266 [pii]
Vasudev K, Goswami U, Kohli K (2000) Carbamazepine and valproate monotherapy: feasibility, relative safety and efficacy, and therapeutic drug monitoring in manic disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 150(1):15–23
Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Watson S, Geddes JR, Young AH (2008) Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD005171. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005171.pub2
Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Vasudev K, Watson S, Geddes J, Young AH (2011) Oxcarbazepine for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD004857. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004857.pub2
Vazquez GH, Tondo L, Undurraga J, Baldessarini RJ (2013) Overview of antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 16(7):1673–1685. doi:10.1017/S1461145713000023
Vieta E, Bernardo M (1992) Antidepressant-induced mania in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 149(9):1282–1283
Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Goikolea JM, Torrent C, Colom F, Benabarre A, Reinares M (2002) A randomized trial comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar depressed patients taking mood stabilizers. J Clin Psychiatry 63(6):508–512
Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Hennen J, Colom F, Martinez-Aran A, Sanchez-Moreno J, Yatham LN, Tohen M, Baldessarini RJ (2004) Comparison of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar I manic patients during treatment with olanzapine: analysis of pooled data. J Clin Psychiatry 65(10):1420–1428
Vieta E, Bourin M, Sanchez R, Marcus R, Stock E, McQuade R, Carson W, Abou-Gharbia N, Swanink R, Iwamoto T (2005a) Effectiveness of aripiprazole v. haloperidol in acute bipolar mania: double-blind, randomised, comparative 12-week trial. Br J Psychiatry 187:235–242
Vieta E, Mullen J, Brecher M, Paulsson B, Jones M (2005b) Quetiapine monotherapy for mania associated with bipolar disorder: combined analysis of two international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled studies. Curr Med Res Opin 21(6):923–934
Vieta E, Manuel Goikolea J, Martinez-Aran A, Comes M, Verger K, Masramon X, Sanchez-Moreno J, Colom F (2006) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of adjunctive gabapentin for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67(3):473–477
Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Goikolea JM, Raines S, Macfadden W (2007) Quetiapine monotherapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar I or II depression and a rapid-cycling disease course: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bipolar Disord 9(4):413–425
Vieta E, Cruz N, Garcia-Campayo J, de Arce R, Manuel Crespo J, Valles V, Perez-Blanco J, Roca E, Manuel Olivares J, Morinigo A, Fernandez-Villamor R, Comes M (2008a) A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled prophylaxis trial of oxcarbazepine as adjunctive treatment to lithium in the long-term treatment of bipolar I and II disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11(4):445–452. doi:10.1017/S1461145708008596, S1461145708008596 [pii]
Vieta E, Suppes T, Eggens I, Persson I, Paulsson B, Brecher M (2008b) Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). J Affect Disord 109(3):251–263. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.001, S0165-0327(08)00238-3 [pii]
Vieta E, T’Joen C, McQuade RD, Carson WH Jr, Marcus RN, Sanchez R, Owen R, Nameche L (2008c) Efficacy of adjunctive aripiprazole to either valproate or lithium in bipolar mania patients partially nonresponsive to valproate/lithium monotherapy: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 165(10):1316–1325. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101560, appi.ajp.2008.07101560 [pii]
Vieta E, Locklear J, Gunther O, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Astrom M, Paulsson B (2010a) Treatment options for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Psychopharmacol 30(5):579–590. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181f15849
Vieta E, Nuamah IF, Lim P, Yuen EC, Palumbo JM, Hough DW, Berwaerts J (2010b) A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended release for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord 12(3):230–243. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00815.x, BDI815 [pii]
Vieta E, Ramey T, Keller D, English PA, Loebel AD, Miceli J (2010c) Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute mania: a 12-week, placebo-controlled, haloperidol-referenced study. J Psychopharmacol 24(4):547–558. doi:10.1177/0269881108099418, 0269881108099418 [pii]
Vieta E, Gunther O, Locklear J, Ekman M, Miltenburger C, Chatterton ML, Astrom M, Paulsson B (2011) Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 14(8):1029–1049. doi:10.1017/S1461145711000885, S1461145711000885 [pii]
Vieta E, Montgomery S, Sulaiman AH, Cordoba R, Huberlant B, Martinez L, Schreiner A (2012) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess prevention of mood episodes with risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with bipolar I disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22(11):825–835. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.03.004, S0924-977X(12)00060-0 [pii]
Watkins SE, Callender K, Thomas DR, Tidmarsh SF, Shaw DM (1987) The effect of carbamazepine and lithium on remission from affective illness. Br J Psychiatry 150:180–182
Watson S, Gallagher P, Porter RJ, Smith MS, Herron LJ, Bulmer S, Young AH, Ferrier IN (2012) A randomized trial to examine the effect of mifepristone on neuropsychological performance and mood in patients with bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry 72(11):943–949. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.029, S0006-3223(12)00507-0 [pii]
Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE, Cowdry RW (1988) Rapid cycling affective disorder: contributing factors and treatment responses in 51 patients. Am J Psychiatry 145(2):179–184
Weisler R, Dunn J, English P (2003) Adjunctive Ziprasidone for acute bipolar mania: randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Paper presented at the 4th International Forum on Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Monte Carlo, 19–21 Nov
Weisler RH, Kalali AH, Ketter TA (2004) A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 65(4):478–484
Weisler RH, Keck PE Jr, Swann AC, Cutler AJ, Ketter TA, Kalali AH (2005) Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 66(3):323–330
Weisler RH, Hirschfeld R, Cutler AJ, Gazda T, Ketter TA, Keck PE, Swann A, Kalali A (2006) Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy in bipolar disorder : pooled results from two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. CNS Drugs 20(3):219–231
Weisler RH, Calabrese JR, Thase ME, Arvekvist R, Stening G, Paulsson B, Suppes T (2008) Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy for the treatment of depressive episodes in bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis of combined results from 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychiatry 69(5):769–782, ej07m03676 [pii]
Weisler RH, Nolen WA, Neijber A, Hellqvist A, Paulsson B (2011) Continuation of quetiapine versus switching to placebo or lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (Trial 144: a randomized controlled study). J Clin Psychiatry 72(11):1452–1464. doi:10.4088/JCP.11m06878
White K, Keck PE Jr, Lipinski J (1986) Serotonin-uptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. Compr Psychiatry 27(3):211–214
Wilting I, Fase S, Martens EP, Heerdink ER, Nolen WA, Egberts AC (2007) The impact of environmental temperature on lithium serum levels. Bipolar Disord 9(6):603–608. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00438.x, BDI438 [pii]
Wingo AP, Wingo TS, Harvey PD, Baldessarini RJ (2009) Effects of lithium on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 70(11):1588–1597. doi:10.4088/JCP.08r04972
Woo YS, Bahk WM, Chung MY, Kim DH, Yoon BH, Lee JH, Ahn YM, Chung SK, Kim JG, Lee KH, Paik KC (2011) Aripiprazole plus divalproex for recently manic or mixed patients with bipolar I disorder: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind maintenance trial. Hum Psychopharmacol 26(8):543–553. doi:10.1002/hup.1240
Wu JC, Kelsoe JR, Schachat C, Bunney BG, DeModena A, Golshan S, Gillin JC, Potkin SG, Bunney WE (2009) Rapid and sustained antidepressant response with sleep deprivation and chronotherapy in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66(3):298–301. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.018, S0006-3223(09)00231-5 [pii]
Yatham LN, Grossman F, Augustyns I, Vieta E, Ravindran A (2003) Mood stabilisers plus risperidone or placebo in the treatment of acute mania. International, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 182:141–147
Yatham LN, Paulsson B, Mullen J, Vagero AM (2004) Quetiapine versus placebo in combination with lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24(6):599–606
Yatham LN, Vieta E, Young AH, Moller HJ, Paulsson B, Vagero M (2007) A double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine as an add-on therapy to lithium or divalproex for the treatment of bipolar mania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 22(4):212–220
Yatham LN, Fountoulakis KN, Rahman Z, Ammerman D, Fyans P, Marler SV, Baker RA, Carlson BX (2013) Efficacy of aripiprazole versus placebo as adjuncts to lithium or valproate in relapse prevention of manic or mixed episodes in bipolar I patients stratified by index manic or mixed episode. J Affect Disord 147(1–3):365–372. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.042
Yildiz A, Guleryuz S, Ankerst DP, Ongur D, Renshaw PF (2008) Protein kinase C inhibition in the treatment of mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tamoxifen. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(3):255–263
Yildiz A, Vieta E, Leucht S, Baldessarini RJ (2010) Efficacy of antimanic treatments: meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 36(2):375–389. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.192, npp2010192 [pii]
Yildiz A, Nikodem M, Vieta E, Correll CU, Baldessarini RJ (2014) A network meta-analysis on comparative efficacy and all-cause discontinuation of antimanic treatments in acute bipolar mania. Psychol Med :1–19. doi:10.1017/S0033291714001305
Young LT, Joffe RT, Robb JC, MacQueen GM, Marriott M, Patelis-Siotis I (2000) Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 157(1):124–126
Young AH, Oren DA, Lowy A, McQuade RD, Marcus RN, Carson WH, Spiller NH, Torbeyns AF, Sanchez R (2009) Aripiprazole monotherapy in acute mania: 12-week randomised placebo- and haloperidol-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry 194(1):40–48. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.049965, 194/1/40 [pii]
Young AH, McElroy SL, Bauer M, Philips N, Chang W, Olausson B, Paulsson B, Brecher M (2010) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine and lithium monotherapy in adults in the acute phase of bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). J Clin Psychiatry 71(2):150–162. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04995gre
Zajecka JM, Weisler R, Sachs G, Swann AC, Wozniak P, Sommerville KW (2002) A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63(12):1148–1155
Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M (2004) Double-blind comparison of the continued use of antipsychotic treatment versus its discontinuation in remitted manic patients. Am J Psychiatry 161(1):169–171
Zarate CA Jr, Payne JL, Singh J, Quiroz JA, Luckenbaugh DA, Denicoff KD, Charney DS, Manji HK (2004) Pramipexole for bipolar II depression: a placebo-controlled proof of concept study. Biol Psychiatry 56(1):54–60
Zarate CA Jr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, Quiroz J, Jolkovsky L, Luckenbaugh DA, Manji HK (2007) Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study. Bipolar Disord 9(6):561–570
Zarate CA Jr, Brutsche NE, Ibrahim L, Franco-Chaves J, Diazgranados N, Cravchik A, Selter J, Marquardt CA, Liberty V, Luckenbaugh DA (2012) Replication of ketamine’s antidepressant efficacy in bipolar depression: a randomized controlled add-on trial. Biol Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.010, S0006-3223(11)01210-8 [pii]
Zhang ZJ, Kang WH, Tan QR, Li Q, Gao CG, Zhang FG, Wang HH, Ma XC, Chen C, Wang W, Guo L, Zhang YH, Yang XB, Yang GD (2007) Adjunctive herbal medicine with carbamazepine for bipolar disorders: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 41(3–4):360–369. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.06.002
Zhu B, Tunis SL, Zhao Z, Baker RW, Lage MJ, Shi L, Tohen M (2005) Service utilization and costs of olanzapine versus divalproex treatment for acute mania: results from a randomized, 47-week clinical trial. Curr Med Res Opin 21(4):555–564
Zubieta JK, Huguelet P, O’Neil RL, Giordani BJ (2001) Cognitive function in euthymic bipolar I disorder. Psychiatry Res 102(1):9–20, S0165-1781(01)00242-6 [pii]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fountoulakis, K.N. (2015). Biological Therapies. In: Bipolar Disorder. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37216-2_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37215-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37216-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)