Abstract
The Singapore government treats energy security as a means of achieving sustainable economic growth. The state’s 2007 National Energy Policy Report (NEPR) underlines the belief that an efficient energy market would drive economic growth and ensure the security of the state and its people. However, seen through a non-traditional security (NTS) lens, energy security must also encompass human security, that is, the welfare and development of individuals, households and communities. Building upon the NTS discourse, this chapter unpacks Singapore’s energy policies and explores their implications for human security, focusing in particular on the challenges faced by the country’s urban population.
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Notes
- 1.
See IEA (International Energy Agency), 2011, “Energy Security”, at: http://www.iea.org/subjectqueries/keyresult.asp?KEYWORD_ID=4103 (17 May 2010).
- 2.
Singapore imports its crude oil from Saudi Arabia, 32.8 %; Kuwait, 18 %; Qatar, 13.5 %; United Arab Emirates, 10.5 %; Other Middle East countries, 7.1 %; Vietnam, 4.4 %; Australia, 4.5 %; Malaysia, 3.7 %; and others, 5.4 %.
- 3.
Singapore LNG Corporation, 2010, “About the Singapore LNG Terminal”, at: http://www.slng.com.sg/about-us-lng-terminal.html (16 January 2012).
- 4.
EMA (Energy Market Authority), “Third Tank for Singapore’s LNG Terminal on the Back of Strong LNG Uptake”, Press Release (2 November 2010), in: http://www.slng.com.sg/UserFiles/Press/MediaRelease_ThirdTankforSporeLNG%28FINAL%29.pdf (23 December 2011).
- 5.
- 6.
Singapore Petroleum Company Limited was incorporated in 1969 under the name Singapore Petroleum & Chemical Company (Private) Limited. See Singapore Petroleum Company, 2011, ‘History and Milestones’, at: http://www.spc.com.sg/aboutspc/history_milestones.asp (1 December 2011).
- 7.
Kebede, Rebekah, “Oil Hits Record above $147”, in: Reuters: US Edition (11 July 2008), at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/11/us-markets-oil-idUST14048520080711 (23 December 2011).
- 8.
ICE (IntercontinentalExchange), 2011, “Brent Crude Oil”, at: http://www.theice.com/ (23 December 2011).
- 9.
EMA (Energy Market Authority), 2010, “Overview of EMA”, at: http://www.ema.gov.sg/page/40/id:94/ (1 December 2011).
- 10.
Energy Efficiency Programme Office, 2008, “About E2 Singapore”, at: http://www.e2singapore.gov.sg/energy-efficiency-programme-office.html (1 December 2011).
- 11.
ESI (Energy Studies Institute), 2011, “About ESI”, at: http://www.esi.nus.edu.sg (1 December 2011).
- 12.
Centre for NTS Studies, “Energy and Human Security Programme”, at: http://www.rsis.edu.sg/nts (1 December 2011).
- 13.
Energy Market Company, 2008, “About the Market: Asia’s First Liberalised Electricity Market”, at: http://www.emcsg.com (23 August 2009).
- 14.
EMA (Energy Market Authority), 2008, “Milestones in Restructuring (Singapore Electricity and PNG Industries)”, at: http://www.ema.gov.sg (23 August 2009).
- 15.
EMA (Energy Market Authority), “Implementation of Electricity Vending System (EVS) Project by the Energy Market Authority”, Press Release (18 October 2007).
- 16.
Market Support Services, 2008, “Contestability—Vesting Contracts”, at: http://www.mssl.com.sg (1 August 2008).
- 17.
Temasek Holdings, “Temasek Sells Senoko Power to Japanese Consortium”, Press Release (5 September 2008).
- 18.
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 1997, “ASEAN Vision 2020”, at: http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm (1 December 2011).
- 19.
Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, “Singapore Accedes to the Kyoto Protocol”, Press Release (13 April 2006).
- 20.
EMA (Energy Market Authority), “4th SIEW Opens with Call for Comprehensive Energy Security in Asia”, Press Release (31 October 2011), at: http://www.ema.gov.sg/news/view/286 (1 November 2011).
- 21.
EMA (Energy Market Authority), “Intelligent Energy System Pilot Project Kicks Off in Singapore”, Press Release (29 September 2010), at: http://www.ema.gov.sg/news/view/212 (1 November 2011).
- 22.
Ibid.
Abbreviations
- APEC:
-
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- ASEAN:
-
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- EAS:
-
East Asia Summit
- EMA:
-
Energy Market Authority
- ESC:
-
Economic Strategies Committee
- ESI:
-
Energy Studies Institute
- HDB:
-
Housing Development Board
- ICE:
-
Intercontinental Exchange
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- IEEJ:
-
Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
- IES:
-
Intelligent Energy System
- IE Singapore:
-
International Enterprise Singapore
- ISEAS:
-
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
- LNG:
-
Liquefied natural gas
- MTI:
-
Ministry of Trade and Industry
- NEMS:
-
National Electricity Market of Singapore
- NEPR:
-
National Energy Policy Report
- NTS:
-
Non-Traditional Security
- UN:
-
United Nations
- UNDP:
-
United Nations Development Programme
- UNFCCC:
-
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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Chang, Y., Azha Putra, N. (2012). The Non-Traditional Security Perspective on Energy Security Policies in Singapore. In: Caballero-Anthony, M., Chang, Y., Putra, N. (eds) Rethinking Energy Security in Asia: A Non-Traditional View of Human Security. SpringerBriefs in Environment, Security, Development and Peace, vol 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29703-8_3
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