Physical Geography, Oceanography, and Climate
The Arctic Ocean is a unique place, with no analogue elsewhere on the planet. The world’s largest confined ocean, its permanent sea-ice cover, creates a hostile and difficult environment for human research and occupation but is a crucial component of global climate and the ecology of the world ocean. The region’s oceanographic characteristics, climate regime, and human adaptations are not matched by any other, and these factors have been emphasized in recent years as indicators of global warming bring dramatic changes to the Arctic.
Oceanographers consider the Arctic Ocean and its bordering seas to be the body of water surrounding the North Pole and bordered by Europe, Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland, occupying an area of approximately 14 million km2 (Fig. 1). Major island groups are found off the European and Siberian coasts (Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands) and throughout...
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Rogers, J., Anichtchenko, E. (2018). Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea: Maritime Archaeology. In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_594-2
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