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Phosphine and Metal Phosphide

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Critical Care Toxicology

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Abstract

Pesticides and grain fumigants play an important part in the development of agriculture and enhance grain production in the world. Their use has led to improved quantity and better quality of crops, resulting in better availability of food grains to the population. Despite these benefits, the increased availability of pesticides and grain fumigants has led to them being misused as agents of self-harm [1, 2].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

    Ashish Bhalla

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  1. Ashish Bhalla
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Correspondence to Ashish Bhalla .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Jeffrey Brent

  2. Office of New Drugs Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA

    Keith Burkhart

  3. Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom

    Paul Dargan

  4. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Benjamin Hatten

  5. Med & Toxicological Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisière Hospital Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France

    Bruno Megarbane

  6. University of Colorado School of Medicine, Toxicology Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA

    Robert Palmer

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

Grading System for Levels of Evidence Supporting Recommendations in Critical Care Toxicology, 2nd Edition

  1. I

    Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial

  2. II-1

    Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization

  3. II-2

    Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies, preferably from more than one center or research group.

  4. II-3

    Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of the introduction of penicillin treatment in the 1940s) could also be regarded as this type of evidence

  5. III

    Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies and case reports, or reports of expert committees

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Bhalla, A. (2016). Phosphine and Metal Phosphide. In: Brent, J., Burkhart, K., Dargan, P., Hatten, B., Megarbane, B., Palmer, R. (eds) Critical Care Toxicology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_84-1

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