Skip to main content

PTSD Behind Bars: Incarcerated Women and PTSD

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract

Women in prison often have significant trauma histories, and PTSD is much more common among female inmates than in their community counterparts. Among female prisoners, PTSD is the second most common disorder, after substance use disorders. In this population, PTSD is often comorbid with substance use disorders, personality disorders, serious mental illnesses, and HIV. Pharmacotherapy options are limited in prisons, impacting treatment options. As well, psychotherapy usually must occur within group settings in prison, posing unique challenges in this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AA:

Alcoholics Anonymous

ADHD:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BPD:

Borderline personality disorder

CBT:

Cognitive behavioral therapy

DBT:

Dialectical behavioral therapy

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

PD:

Personality disorder

PTSD:

Post-traumatic stress disorder

SMI:

Serious mental illness

SSRI:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

SUD:

Substance use disorder

References

  • Ahearn EP, Juergens T, Cordes T, et al. A review of atypical antipsychotic medications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:193–200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asnis GM, Kohn SR, Henderson M, et al. SSRIs versus non-SSRIs in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update with recommendations. Drugs. 2004;64:383–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blitz CL, Wolff N, Shi J. Physical victimization in prison: the role of mental illness. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2008;31:385–93.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley R, Follingstad D. Group therapy for incarcerated women who experienced interpersonal violence: a pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16:337–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown CS. Longitudinal prediction of violence victimization and perpetration of female prison inmates based on trauma symptoms. Doctoral dissertation, Pacific University. 2011. http://commons.pacificu.edu/spp/223. Accessed 14 June 2014.

  • Cole KL, Sarlund-Heinrich P, Brown L. Developing and assessing effectiveness of a time-limited therapy group for incarcerated women survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Trauma Dissociation. 2007;8:97–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colosetti S, Thyer B. The relative effectiveness of EMDR versus relaxation training with battered women prisoners. Behav Modif. 2000;24:719–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon A, Howie P, Starling J. Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and psychiatric comorbidity in female juvenile offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:798–806.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donley S, Habib L, Jovanovic T, et al. Civilian PTSD symptoms and risk for involvement in the criminal justice system. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012;40:522–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drapalski AL, Youman K, Stuewig J, et al. Gender differences in jail inmates’ symptoms of mental illness, treatment history and treatment seeking. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2009;19:193–206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel S, Baillargeon J. The health of prisoners. Lancet. 2011;377:956–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford JD, Chang R, Levine J, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing affect regulation and supportive group therapies for victimization-related PTSD with incarcerated women. Behav Ther. 2013;44:262–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman SH, Hall RC, Sorrentino RM. Women, violence, and insanity. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2013;41:523–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goff A, Rose E, Rose S, et al. Does PTSD occur in sentenced prison populations? A systematic literature review. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2007;17:152–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grella CE, Lovinger K, Warda US. Relationships among trauma exposure, familial characteristics, and PTSD: a case-control study of women in prison and in the general population. Wom Crim Justice. 2013;23:63–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunter TD, Chibnall JT, Antoniak SK, et al. Relative contributions of gender and traumatic life experience to the prediction of mental disorders in a sample of incarcerated offenders. Behav Sci Law. 2012;30:615–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall RC, Hall RC. Psychotherapeutic interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder. 2013a;21(9). http://www.consultant360.com/articles/psychotherapeutic-interventions-post-traumatic-stress-disorder

  • Hall RC, Hall RC. Biological and pharmacological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults clinical geriatrics. 2013b;21(8). http://www.consultant360.com/articles/biological-and-pharmacological-treatment-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-older-adults

  • Harner H, Budescu M, Gillihan SJ, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated women: a call for evidence-based treatment. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2013;7:58–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebert MR, Rose JS, Cynthia R, et al. Levels of trauma among women inmates with HIV risk and alcohol use disorders: behavioral and emotional impacts. J Trauma Dissociation. 2007;8:27–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermes E, Sernyak M, Rosenheck R. The use of second generation antipsychotics for post-traumatic stress disorder in a US veterans health administration medical center. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2013;5:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicks BM, Vaidyanathan U, Patrick CJ. Validating female psychopathy subtypes: differences in personality, antisocial and violent behavior, substance abuse, trauma, and mental health. Personal Disord. 2010;1:38–57.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hien DA, Cohen LR, Miele GM, et al. Promising treatments for women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1426–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilliard WT, Barloon L, Farley P, et al. Bupropion diversion and misuse in the correctional facility. J Correct Health Care. 2013;19:211–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang G, Zhang Y, Momartin S, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in female prisoners in China. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47:20–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton HE, Treisman GJ, Hunt WR, et al. HIV risk behaviors and their relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder among women prisoners. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52:508–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson ME, Bridges AJ, Bell J, et al. Sexual violence therapy group in a women’s correctional facility: a preliminary evaluation. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27:361–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsler PJ, Saxman A. Traumatized offenders: don’t look now, but your jail’s also your mental health center. J Trauma Dissociation. 2007;8:81–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komarovskaya IA, Loper AB, Warren J, et al. Exploring gender differences in trauma exposure and the emergence of symptoms of PTSD among incarcerated men and women. J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol. 2011;22:395–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza PV, García PF, Lamelas FR, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of substance use disorder with incarcerated women. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70:644–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leigh-Hunt N, Perry A. A systematic review of interventions for anxiety, depression, and PTSD in adult offenders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis C. Post-traumatic stress disorder in HIV-positive incarcerated women. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2005;33:455–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis C. Treating incarcerated women: gender matters. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2006;29:773–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loper AB, Mahmoodzadegan N, Warren JI. Childhood maltreatment and cluster B personality pathology in female serious offenders. Sex Abuse. 2008;20:139–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch SM, Heath NM, Mathews KC, et al. Seeking safety: an intervention for trauma-exposed incarcerated women? J Trauma Dissociation. 2012;13:88–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch SM, DeHart DD, Belknap JE, et al. A Multisite study of the prevalence of serious mental illness, PTSD, and substance use disorders of women in jail. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65:670–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maglione M, Maher AR, Hu J, et al. Off-label use of atypical antipsychotics: an update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); Sept 2011. Report No.: 11-EHC087-EF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher AR, Theodore G. Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18:S1–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniels-Wilson C, Belknap J. The extensive sexual violation and sexual abuse histories of incarcerated women. Violence Against Women. 2008;14:1090–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nucifora FC, Hall RC, Everly GS. Reexamining the role of the traumatic stressor and the trajectory of posttraumatic distress in the wake of disaster. Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;2:S172–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oguntoye A, Bursztajn HJ. Commentary: inadequacy of the categorical approach of the DSM for diagnosing female inmates with borderline personality disorder and/or PTSD. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2009;37:306–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelissier B, Jones N. Differences in motivation, coping style, and self-efficacy among incarcerated male and female drug users. J Subst Abus Treat. 2006;30:113–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peltan JR, Cellucci T. Childhood sexual abuse and substance abuse treatment utilization among substance-dependent incarcerated women. J Subst Abus Treat. 2011;41:215–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves R. Guideline, education, and peer comparison to reduce prescriptions of benzodiazepines and low-dose quetiapine in prison. J Correct Health Care. 2012;18:45–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salgado DM, Quinlan KJ, Zlotnick C. The relationship of lifetime polysubstance dependence to trauma exposure, symptomatology, and psychosocial functioning in incarcerated women with comorbid PTSD and substance use disorder. J Trauma Dissociation. 2007;8:9–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Is seroquel developing an illicit reputation for misuse/abuse? Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2010;7:13–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxena P, Messina N, Grella CE. Who benefits from gender responsive treatment? Accounting for abuse history on longitudinal outcomes for women in prison. Criminal Justice Behav. 2014;41:417–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson AI, et al. The national study of psychiatric morbidity in New Zealand prisons: an investigation of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among New Zealand inmates. Department of Corrections, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strathopoulos M. Addressing women’s victimisation histories in custodial settings. ACSSA Issues. 2012;13:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struckman-Johnson CJ, Struckman-Johnson DL, Rucker L, et al. Sexual coercion reported by men and women in prison. J Sex Res. 1996;33:67–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamburello AC, Lieberman JA, Baum RM, et al. Successful removal of quetiapine from a correctional formulary. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012;40:502–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tye CS, Mullen PE. Mental disorders in female prisoners. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40:266–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren JI, Loper AB, Komarovskaya I. Symptom patterns related to traumatic exposure among female inmates with and without a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2009;37:294–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff N, Frueh BC, Shi J, et al. Trauma exposure and mental health characteristics of incarcerated females self-referred to specialty PTSD treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2011;62:954–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff N, Frueh BC, Shi J, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral trauma treatment for incarcerated women with mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26:703–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnick C, Najavits LM, Rohsenow DJ, et al. A cognitive-behavioral treatment for incarcerated women with substance abuse disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from a pilot study. J Subst Abus Treat. 2003;25:99–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zlotnick C, Johnson J, Najavits LM. Randomized controlled pilot study of cognitive-behavioral therapy in a sample of incarcerated women with substance use disorder and PTSD. Behav Ther. 2009;40:325–36.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan Hatters Friedman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Friedman, S.H., Collier, S., Hall, R.C.W. (2015). PTSD Behind Bars: Incarcerated Women and PTSD. In: Martin, C., Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_57-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_57-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-08613-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics