Abstract
The photoluminescence of mesoporous silicon and silicon nanocrystals has received enormous study over the last 25 years. The spectroscopic nature and efficiency of various emission bands from the near-infrared to the ultraviolet are briefly reviewed, as are mechanistic studies on individual nanocrystals. Improvements in surface passivation and size control of silicon nanocrystals have led to impressive photoluminescence quantum efficiencies in the visible range.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anjiki A, Uchino T (2012) Visible photoluminescence from photoinduced molecular species in nanometer-sized oxides: crystalline Al2O3 and amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles. J Phys Chem C 116(29):15747–15755. doi:10.1021/Jp303359v
Araki M, Koyama H, Koshida N (1996) Precisely tuned emission from porous silicon vertical optical cavity in the visible region. J Appl Phys 80(9):4841–4844
Billat S (1996) Electroluminescence of heavily doped p-type porous silicon under electrochemical oxidation in galvanostatic regime. J Electrochem Soc 143(3):1055–1061
Bisi O, Ossicini S, Pavesi L (2000) Porous silicon: a quantum sponge structure for silicon based optoelectronics. Surf Sci Rep 38(1–3):5–126
Boukherroub R, Morin S, Wayner DDM, Lockwood DJ (2000) Thermal route for chemical modification and photoluminescence stabilization of porous silicon. Phys Stat Sol A 182(1):117–121
Bsiesy A, Vial JC, Gaspard F, Herino R, Ligeon M, Muller F, Romestain R, Wasiela A, Halimaoui A, Bomchil G (1991) Photoluminescence of high porosity and of electrochemically oxidized porous silicon layers. Surf Sci 254(1–3):195–200
Buriak JM (2002) Organometallic chemistry on silicon and germanium surfaces. Chem Rev 102(5):1271–1308
Calcott PDJ, Nash KJ, Canham LT, Kane MJ, Brumhead D (1993) Identification of radiative transitions in highly porous silicon. J Phys-Condens Matt 5(7):L91–L98
Canham LT (1990) Silicon quantum wire array fabrication by electrochemical and chemical dissolution of wafers. Appl Phys Lett 57(10):1046–1048
Canham LT (1995) Luminescent bands and their proposed origins in highly porous silicon. Phys Stat Sol B 190(1):9–14
Canham LT (1997) Visible photoluminescence from porous silicon. In: Canham LT (ed) Properties of porous silicon, vol 18, EMIS datareviews series. INSPEC, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, pp 249–255
Credo GM, Mason MD, Buratto SK (1999) External quantum efficiency of single porous silicon nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett 74(14):1978–1980
Cullis AG, Canham LT, Calcott PDJ (1997) The structural and luminescence properties of porous silicon. J Appl Phys 82(3):909–965
de Boer WDAM, Timmerman D, Dohnalova K, Yassievich IN, Zhang H, Buma WJ, Gregorkiewicz T (2010) Red spectral shift and enhanced quantum efficiency in phonon-free photoluminescence from silicon nanocrystals. Nat Nanotechnol 5(12):878–884. doi:10.1038/Nnano.2010.236
Dohnalova K, Ondic L, Kusova K, Pelant I, Rehspringer JL, Mafouana RR (2010) White-emitting oxidized silicon nanocrystals: discontinuity in spectral development with reducing size. J Appl Phys 107(5), Artn 053102. doi:10.1063/1.3289719
Dohnalova K, Poddubny AN, Prokofiev AA, De Boer WDAM, Umesh CP, Paulusse JMJ, Zuilhof H, Gregorkiewicz T (2013) Surface brightens up Si quantum dots: direct bandgap-like size-tunable emission. Light Sci Appl 2:e47. doi:10.1038/lsa.2013.3
Dunn K, Derr J, Johnston T, Chaker M, Rosei F (2009) Multiexponential photoluminescence decay of blinking nanocrystal ensembles. Phys Rev B 80(3):035330
Elhouichet H, Oueslati M (2002) The role of ambient ageing on porous silicon photoluminescence: evidence of phonon contribution. Appl Surf Sci 191(1–4):11–19
Fauchet PM, Tsybeskov L, Peng C, Duttagupta SP, Von Behren J, Kostoulas Y, Vandyshev JMV, Hirschman KD (1995) Light-emitting porous silicon: materials science, properties, and device applications. Ieee J Select Top Quantum Electr 1(4):1126–1139
Gargas DJ, Sirbuly DJ, Mason MD, Carson PJ, Buratto SK (2008) Investigation of polarization anisotropy in individual porous silicon nanoparticles. Microelectron J 39(9):1144–1148
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2000) Electroluminescence with high and stable quantum efficiency and low threshold voltage from anodically oxidized thin porous silicon diode. J Appl Phys 88(7):4319–4324
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2005) Mechanism of a remarkable enhancement in the light emission from nanocrystalline porous silicon annealed in high-pressure water vapor. J Appl Phys 98(1):123509
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2006) Highly enhanced photoluminescence of as-anodized and electrochemically oxidized nanocrystalline p-type porous silicon treated by high-pressure water vapor annealing. Thin Solid Films 508(1–2):406–409
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2007) Highly efficient and stable photoluminescence of nanocrystalline porous silicon by combination of chemical modification and oxidation under high pressure. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 1 46(4B):2429–2433
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2009a) Long-lived blue phosphorescence of oxidized and annealed nanocrystalline silicon. Appl Phys Lett 94:201903
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2009b) Long-lived blue phosphorescence of oxidized and annealed nanocrystalline silicon. Appl Phys Lett 94:201903
Gelloz B, Koshida N (2012) Blue phosphorescence in oxidized nano-porous silicon. ECS J Sol State Sci Technol 1(6):R158–R162. doi:10.1149/2.025206jss
Gelloz B, Nakagawa T, Koshida N (1999) Enhancing the external quantum efficiency of porous silicon LEDs beyond 1% by a post-anodization electrochemical oxidation. Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings 536:15–20
Gelloz B, Nakagawa T, Koshida N (1998b) Enhancement of the quantum efficiency and stability of electroluminescence from porous silicon by anodic passivation. Appl Phys Lett 73(14):2021–2023
Gelloz B, Kojima A, Koshida N (2005) Highly efficient and stable luminescence of nanocrystalline porous silicon treated by high-pressure water vapor annealing. Appl Phys Lett 87(3):031107
Gelloz B, Mentek R, Koshida N (2009) Specific blue light emission from nanocrystalline porous Si treated by high-pressure water vapor annealing. Jpn J Appl Phys 48(4):04C119
Gelloz B, Mentek R, Koshida N (2014) Ultraviolet and Long-Lived Blue Luminescence of oxidized Nano-Porous Silicon and Pure Nano-Porous Glass. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 3(5):R83–R88. doi: 10.1149/2.022405jss
Gong YY, Ishikawa S, Cheng SL, Gunji M, Nishi Y, Vuckovic J (2010) Photoluminescence from silicon dioxide photonic crystal cavities with embedded silicon nanocrystals. Phys Rev B 81(23), Artn 235317. doi:10.1103/Physrevb.81.235317
Hooft GW, Kessener YARR, Rikken GLJA, Venhuizen AHJ (1992) Temperature-dependence of the radiative lifetime in porous silicon. Appl Phys Lett 61(19):2344–2346
Jurbergs D, Rogojina E, Mangolini L, Kortshagen U (2006) Silicon nanocrystals with ensemble quantum yields exceeding 60%. Appl Phys Lett 88(23), Artn 233116. doi:10.1063/1.2210788
Kim YY, Lee KW, Ahn EJ, Shim S (2003) Identification of luminous region in porous silicon layers. J Appl Phys 93(1):274–277
Koch F, Petrovakoch V, Muschik T (1993) The luminescence of porous Si - the case for the surface-state mechanism. J Lumin 57(1–6):271–281
Kovalenko NP, Doycho IK, Gevelyuk SA, Vorobyeva VA, Roizin YO (1999) Geminate and distant-pair radiative recombination in porous silicon. J Phys Condens Matt 11(24):4783–4800
Kovalev D, Heckler H, Ben-Chorin M, Polisski G, Schwartzkopff M, Koch F (1998) Breakdown of the k-conservation rule in Si nanocrystals. Phys Rev Lett 81(13):2803–2806
Koyama H, Koshida N (1997) Spectroscopic analysis of the blue-green emission from oxidized porous silicon: possible evidence for Si-nanostructure-based mechanisms. Solid State Commun 103(1):37–41
Kusova K, Cibulka O, Dohnalova K, Pelant I, Valenta J, Fucikova A, Zidek K, Lang J, Englich J, Matejka P, Stepanek P, Bakardjieva S (2010) Brightly luminescent organically capped silicon nanocrystals fabricated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. ACS Nano 4(8):4495–4504
Kux A, Kovalev D, Koch F (1995) Slow luminescence from trapped charges in oxidized porous silicon. Thin Solid Films 255(1–2):143–145
Ledoux G, Guillois O, Porterat D, Reynaud C, Huisken F, Kohn B, Paillard V (2000) Photoluminescence properties of silicon nanocrystals as a function of their size. Phys Rev B 62(23):15942–15951
Loni A, Simons AJ, Calcott PDJ, Canham LT (1995) Blue photoluminescence from rapid thermally oxidized porous silicon following storage in ambient air. J Appl Phys 77(7):3557–3559
Martin J, Cichos F, Chan IY, Huisken F, Von Borczyskowski C (2004) Photoinduced processes in silicon nanoparticles. Israel J Chem 44(4):341–351
Martin J, Cichos F, Huisken F, von Borczyskowski C (2008) Electron-phonon coupling and localization of excitons in single silicon nanocrystals. Nano Lett 8(2):656–660
Mason MD, Credo GM, Weston KD, Buratto SK (1998) Luminescence of individual porous Si chromophores. Phys Rev Lett 80(24):5405–5408
Mason MD, Sirbuly DJ, Carson PJ, Buratto SK (2001) J Chem Phys 114(18):8119–8123
Mihalcescu I, Vial JC, Bsiesy A, Muller F, Romestain R, Martin E, Delerue C, Lannoo M, Allan G (1995) Saturation and voltage quenching of porous-silicon luminescence and the importance of the auger effect. Phys Rev B 51(24):17605–17613
Park JH, Gu L, von Maltzahn G, Ruoslahti E, Bhatia SN, Sailor MJ (2009) Biodegradable luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles for in vivo applications. Nat Mater 8(4):331–336
Pavesi L, Guardini R, Mazzoleni C (1996) Porous silicon resonant cavity light emitting diodes. Solid State Commun 97(12):1051–1053
Pelant I, Valenta J (2012) Luminescence spectroscopy of semiconductors. Oxford University Press, New York
Petrovakoch V, Muschik T, Kux A, Meyer BK, Koch F, Lehmann V (1992) Rapid-thermal-oxidized porous Si - the superior photoluminescent Si. Appl Phys Lett 61(8):943–945
Prokofiev AA, Moskalenko AS, Yassievich IN, de Boer WDAM, Timmerman D, Zhang H, Buma WJ, Gregorkiewicz T (2009) Direct bandgap optical transitions in Si nanocrystals. Jetp Lett 90(12):758–762. doi:10.1134/S0021364009240059
Qin GG, Song HZ, Zhang BR, Lin J, Duan JQ, Yao GQ (1996) Experimental evidence for luminescence from silicon oxide layers in oxidized porous silicon. Phys Rev B 54(4):2548–2555
Qin GG, Liu XS, Ma SY, Lin J, Yao GQ, Lin XY, Lin KX (1997) Photoluminescence mechanism for blue-light-emitting porous silicon. Phys Rev B 55(19):12876–12879
Solomon I, Rerbal K, Chazalviel JN, Ozanam F, Cortes R (2008) Intense photoluminescence of thin films of porous hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon. J Appl Phys 103(8), Artn 083108. doi:10.1063/1.2909914
Squire EK, Snow PA, Russell PS, Canham LT, Simons AJ, Reeves CL (1998) Light emission from porous silicon single and multiple cavities. J Lumin 80(1–4):125–128
Sun J, Lu YW, Du XW, Kulinich SA (2005) Improved visible photoluminescence from porous silicon with surface Si–Ag bonds. Appl Phys Lett 86(17): 171905, Artn 171905, doi:10.1063/1.19240426
Sychugov I, Juhasz R, Linnros J, Valenta J (2005) Luminescence blinking of a Si quantum dot in a SiO2 shell. Phys Rev B 71(11):115331
Takazawa A, Tamura T, Yamada M (1994) Photoluminescence mechanisms of porous Si oxidized by dry oxygen. J Appl Phys 75(5):2489–2495
Tu CC, Zhang QF, Lin LY, Cao GZ (2012) Brightly photoluminescent phosphor materials based on silicon quantum dots with oxide shell passivation. Opt Express 20(1):A69–A74
Valenta J, Juhasz R, Linnros J (2002) Photoluminescence spectroscopy of single silicon quantum dots. Appl Phys Lett 80(6):1070–1072
Valenta J, Fucikova A, Vacha F, Adamec F, Humpolickova J, Hof M, Pelant I, Kusova K, Dohnalova K, Linnros J (2008) Light-emission performance of silicon nanocrystals deduced from single quantum dot spectroscopy. Adv Funct Mater 18(18):2666–2672. doi:10.1002/adfm.200800397
Wadayama T, Arigane T, Hayamizu K, Hatta A (2002) Unusual photoluminescence decay of porous silicon prepared by rapid thermal oxidation and quenching in liquid nitrogen. Mater Trans 43(11):2832–2837
Wolkin MV, Jorne J, Fauchet PM, Allan G, Delerue C (1999) Electronic states and luminescence in porous silicon quantum dots: the role of oxygen. Phys Rev Lett 82(1):197–200
Xia B, Zhang WY, Bao WY, Dong C, Zhang JF, Shi JS (2012) Photoluminescence enhancement of porous silicon particles by microwave-assisted activation. Phys Status Sol A 209(11):2247–2250. doi:10.1002/pssa.201228309
Xu YK, Adachi S (2010) Multiple-peak structure in porous Si photoluminescence. J Appl Phys 107(12), Artn 123520. doi:10.1063/1.3445270
Yamada M, Kondo K (1992) Comparing effects of vacuum annealing and dry oxidation on the photoluminescence of porous Si. Jpn J Appl Phys Part 2 31(8A):L993–L996
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gelloz, B. (2014). Photoluminescence of Porous Silicon. In: Canham, L. (eds) Handbook of Porous Silicon. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05744-6_32
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05744-6_32
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-05743-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05744-6
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics