Abstract
The current awareness about climate change creates the urgency in adjusting the services provided in public transport towards more sustainable operations. Recent studies have shown that the integration of electric vehicles into existing fleets is an alternative that allows reducing CO2 emissions, thus contributing to a more sustainable provision of services in the sector. When the aim is to achieve a full electrification of a bus fleet, several decisions need to be planned, such as i) the number of buses that are required, ii) the types of batteries used in those vehicles, iii) the charging technologies and strategies, iv) the location of the charging stations, and v) the frequency of charging. Nevertheless, although several planning studies have focused on the full electrification of a bus fleet, no study was found considering all these planning decisions that are deemed as essential for an adequate planning. Our study thus contributes to this gap in the literature, by proposing an optimization-based planning model that considers all these planning dimensions in the decision-making process related to the integration of electric buses in a public bus transport system – the MILP4ElectFleet model. All these decisions are evaluated while ensuring the minimization of investment and operating costs. The MILP4ElectFleet model is applied to the Carris case study, a Portuguese public transport operator in the metropolitan area of Lisbon.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andriollo, M., Tortella, A.: Sustainability evaluation of an electric bus fleet for the urban public transport system of Padova, Italy. In: Urban Transport XXI, vol. 146, pp. 533 – 545. WIT Press (2015).
C40 Cities. https://www.c40.org/other/green-and-healthy-streets. Accessed 21 July 2020
Carrilero, I., González, M., Anseán, D., Viera, J.C., Chacón, J., Pereirinha, P.G.: Redesigning European public transport: impact of new battery technologies in the design of electric bus fleets. Transp. Res. Procedia 33, 195–202 (2018)
Chen, Z., Liu, W., Yin, Y.: Deployment of stationary and dynamic charging infrastructure for electric vehicles along traffic corridors. Transp. Res. Part C 77, 185–206 (2017)
EDP. https://www.edp.pt/particulares/servicos/mobilidade-eletrica/carregar-fora-de-cas. Accessed 22 July 2020
Gao, Z., et al.: Battery capacity and recharging needs for electric buses in city transit service. Energy 122, 588–600 (2017)
Göhlich, D., Spangenberg, F., Kunith, A.: Stochastic total cost of ownership forecasting for innovative urban transport systems. In: IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEM.2013.6962529
He, Y., Song, Z., Liu, Z.: Fast-charging station deployment for battery electric bus systemsconsidering electricity demand charges. Sustain. Cities Soc. 48, article 101530 (2019)
Houbbadi, A., Pelissier, S., Trigui, R., Redondo-Iglesias, E., Bouton, T.: Overview of Electric Buses deployment and its challenges related to the charging - the case study of TRANSDEV. In: 32nd Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS32), 11, hal-02148377v2, Lyon, France (2019)
International Energy Agency (IEA). https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-transport-2020. Accessed 22 July 2020
Islam, A., Lowens, N.: When to go electric? A parallel bus fleet replacement study. Transp. Res. Part D 72, 299–311 (2019)
Kunith, A., Goehlich, D., Mendelevitch R.: Planning and optimization of a fast-charging infrastructure for electric urban bus systems. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Traffic and Transport Engineering, ICTTE, Belgrado, Sérvia, pp. 43–49 (2014)
Kunith, A., Mendelevitch, R., Goehlich, D.: Electrification of a city bus network: An optimization model for cost-effective placing of charging infrastructure and battery sizing of fast charging electric bus systems. Int. J. Sustain. Transp. 11(10), 707–720 (2017)
Kunith, A., Mendelevitch, R., Kuschmierz, A., Goehlich, D.: Optimization of fast charging infrastructure for electric bus transportation – Electrification of a city bus network. In EVS29 International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium (2016)
Lajunen, A.: Lifecycle costs and charging requirements of electric buses with different charging methods. J. Clean. Prod. 172, 56–67 (2018)
Laurikko, J., et al.: Electric city bus and infrastructure demonstration environment in Espoo, Finland. In: EVS28 International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, Korea (2015)
Li, X., Castellanos, S., Maasen, A.: Emerging trends and innovations for electric bus adoption—a comparative case study of contracting and financing of 22 cities in the Americas, Asia- Pacific, and Europe. Res. Transp. Econ. 69, 470–481 (2018b).
Ministry of Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy: Approves the Electric Mobility Action Plan, Order ner 8809/2015 (2015)
Pelletier, S., Jabali, O., Mendoza, J.E., Laporte, G.: The electric bus fleet transition problem. Transp. Res. Part C 109, 174–193 (2019)
Rinaldi, M., Picarelli, E., D’Adriano, A., Viti, F.: Mixed-fleet single-terminal bus scheduling problem: modelling, solution scheme and potential applications. Omega 96, 102070 (2020)
RNC2050. https://www.portugal.gov.pt/download-ficheiros/ficheiro.aspx?v=aa27c4c9-dac3-47c3-96ae-4ca86183635d. Accessed 22 July 2020
Rogge, M., Hurk, E., Larsen, A., Sauer, D.U.: Electric bus fleet size and mix problem with optimization of charging Infrastructure. Appl. Energy 211, 282–295 (2018)
Rothgang, S., Rogge, M., Becker, J., Sauer, D.: Battery design for successful electrification in public transport. Energies 8, 6715–6737 (2015)
Rupprecht Consult: Guidelines for developing and implementing a sustainable urban mobility plan, Second Edition. https://www.eltis.org/sites/default/files/sump_guidelines_2019_interactive_document_1.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2020
Sinhuber, P., Rohlfs, W., Sauer, D.U.: Conceptional considerations for electrification of public city buses — Energy storage system and charging stations. In: 2010 Emobility - Electrical Power Train, Leipzig, pp. 1–5 (2010)
Tang, X., Lin, X., He, F.: Robust scheduling strategies of electric buses under stochastic traffic conditions. Transp. Res. Part C 105, 163–182 (2019)
Xylia, M., Leduc, S., Patrizio, P., Kraxner, F., Silveira, S.: Locating charging infrastructure for electric buses in Stockholm. Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 78, 183–200 (2017)
Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Jiuping, X., Barclay, N.: Optimal recharging scheduling for urban electric buses: a case study in Davis. Transp. Res. Part E: Logist. Transp. Rev. 100, 115–132 (2017)
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support from the Business Research Unit (BRU-IUL). The authors also acknowledge Carris for the data.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Cardoso-Grilo, T., Kalakou, S., Fernandes, J. (2021). Deployment of Electric Buses: Planning the Fleet Size and Type, Charging Infrastructure and Operations with an Optimization-Based Model. In: Martins, A.L., Ferreira, J.C., Kocian, A., Costa, V. (eds) Intelligent Transport Systems, From Research and Development to the Market Uptake. INTSYS 2020. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 364. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71454-3_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71454-3_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-71453-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-71454-3
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)