Abstract
We will start this chapter with an explanation of the conventional way to understand X-ray images used for medical applications. We call a two-dimensional X-ray photograph “general X-ray examination,” “plain X-ray examination,” and/or more informal saying “Röntgen.” Have you ever considered the principle of X-ray diagnosis used for medical applications? As you know, the principles of taking an X-ray photograph can be explained by physics; namely, the generation of X-rays, interaction between incident X-rays and objects, as well as interaction between penetrating X-rays and imaging detectors, etc. This information can help us understand the principles of X-ray acquisition. However, in general X-ray diagnosis, medical doctors do not use information pertaining to physics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
S. Kulkarni, S. Jha, Artificial intelligence, radiology, and tuberculosis: a review. Acad. Radiol. 27(1), 71–75 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2019.10.003
H. Fujita, AI-based computer-aided diagnosis (AI-CAD): the latest review to read first. Radiol. Phys. Technol. 13, 6–19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12194-019-00552-4
K. Hung, C. Montalvao, R. Tanaka, T. Kawai, M.M. Bornstein, The use and performance of artificial intelligence applications in dental and maxillofacial radiology: a systematic review. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 49, 20190107(22 pages) (2020). https://doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190107
J.H. Hubbell, Photon mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33(11), 1269–1290 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-708X(82)90248-4
F. Zhang, L. Yang, X. Song, Y.-N. Li, Y. Jiang, X.-H. Zhang, H.-Y. Ju, J. Wu, R.-P. Chang, Feasibility study of low tube voltage (80 kVp) coronary CT angiography combined with contrast medium reduction using iterative model reconstruction (IMR) on standard BMI patients. Br Institute Radiol 89, 20150766(9 pages) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150766
K.T. Bae, Intravenous contrast medium administration and scan timing at CT: considerations and approaches. Radiology 256(1), 32–61 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.10090908
M. Sigovan, S.S. Mohamed, D.B. Ness, J. Mitchell, J.-B. Langlois, P. Coulon, E. Roessl, I. Blevis, M. Rokni, G. Rioufol, P. Douek, L. Boussel, Feasibility of improving vascular imaging in the presence of metallic stents using spectral photon counting CT and K-edge imaging. Sci. Rep. 9, 19850(9 pages) (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56427-6
F.W. Spiers, Effective atomic number and energy absorption in tissues. Br. J. Radiol. 19(218), 52–63 (1946). https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-19-218-52
J. Haarbo, A. Gotfredsen, C. Hassager, C. Christiansen, Validation of body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Clin. Physiol. 11(4), 331–341 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.1991.tb00662.x
N.J. Fuller, M.A. Laskey, M. Elia, Assessment of the composition of major body regions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), with special reference to limb muscle mass. Clin. Physiol. 12(3), 253–266 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097X.1992.tb00831.x
Fujifilm cor. (https://www.fujifilm.com/), News release: https://www.itnonline.com/content/fujifilm-unveils-two-new-digital-radiography-detectors-rsna-2018
E. Fredenberg, D.R. Dance, P. Willsher, E. Moa, M. von Tiedemann, K.C. Young, M.G. Wallis, Measurement of breast-tissue x-ray attenuation by spectral mammography: first results on cyst fluid. Phys. Med. Biol. 58, 8609–8620 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/24/8609
H. Johansson, M. von Tiedemann, K. Erhard, H. Heese, H. Ding, S. Molloi, E. Fredenberg, Breast-density measurement using photon-counting spectral mammography. Med. Phys. 44, 3579–3593 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12279
E. Fredenberg, P. Willsher, W. Moa, D.R. Dance, K.C. Young, M.G. Wallis, Measurement of breast-tissue x-ray attenuation by spectral imaging: fresh and fixed normal and malignant tissue. Phys. Med. Biol. 63, 235003 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aaea83
K. Taguchi, J.S. Iwanczyk, Vision 20/20: Single photon counting x-ray detectors in medical imaging. Med. Phys. 40, 100901-1-19 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4820371
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hayashi, H., Kimoto, N., Asahara, T., Asakawa, T., Lee, C., Katsumata, A. (2021). Introduction to Physics in Medical X-ray Diagnosis. In: Photon Counting Detectors for X-ray Imaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62680-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62680-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-62679-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-62680-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)