Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bridging Gaps for the Adoption of Automated Vehicles—BRAVE Aspects for TrustVehicles—Development of Innovative HMIs to Increase Acceptance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period

Abstract

Automated cars bring not only technical but also non-technical challenges that influence acceptance such as legal and ethical questions, social and economic implications, or road safety effects. In general, if technical innovations are in line with societal values and behavioural intentions, they can gain acceptance. Based on a literature review, issues that influence the acceptance of automated cars are identified. However, not only the macro aspects are important for acceptance, but also the design of the technology for potential users, especially the HMI design. As the division of tasks between humans and machines changes, the implementation of automated driving systems changes the task of the driver fundamentally, posing new challenges for HMI design. Uses cases involving vulnerable road users (VRUs) are the focus of the BRAVE project (EU-funded) when developing and testing HMIs. Research on the interaction between automated vehicles and VRUs is needed, not only to increase acceptance among road users but also to increase safety for VRUs. The development of interfaces and products must be carried out in an iterative process, to allow users to be involved at an early stage. Adjusting concepts in the beginning of the process is more cost-efficient compared to making changes later in the process and ensures a better adaptation of the developed technical solutions to the expectations of end-users, thus favouring the acceptance of automated vehicles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Although the research in BRAVE explicitly focuses on SAE level 3 automation, in the following the term "automated" is used non-specifically for SAE level 3 to 5 cars, unless the specific topic requires a distinction to be made.

References

  1. Johnsen, A., Strand, N., Andersson, J., Patten, C., Kraetsch, C., Takman, J.: Literature review on the acceptance and road safety, ethical, legal, social and economic implications of automated vehicles, Deliverable 2.1 from the EU-project BRAVE. Materialien aus dem Institut für empirische Soziologie an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fraedrich, E., Lenz, B.: Societal and individual acceptance of autonomous driving. In: Maurer, M., Gerdes, J.C., Lenz, B., Winner, H. (eds.) Autonomous driving: technical, legal and social aspects, pp. 621–639. Springer Open, Berlin (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sütfeld, L.R., Gast, R., König, P., Pipa, G.: Using virtual reality to assess ethical decisions in road traffic scenarios: applicability of value-of-life-based models and influences of time pressure. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 11, 1–13 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Singh, S.: Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. (Traffic Safety Facts Crash Stats. Report No. DOT HS 812 115). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Becker, F., Axhausen, K.W.: Literature review on surveys investigating the acceptance of automated vehicles. Transportation 44, 1293–1306 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Schrauth, B., Funk, W., Kraetsch, C.: From the perspective of other road users: acceptance of automated cars. In: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020, April 27–30, 2020, Helsinki (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schoettle, B., Sivak, M.: A Survey of public opinion about autonomous and self-driving vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia (Report No. UMTRI-2014-21) (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kyriakidis, M., Happee, R., de Winter, J.C.: Public opinion on automated driving: results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents. Transp. Res. Part F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 32, 127–140 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cunningham, M.L., Regan, M.A., Horberry, T., Weeratunga, K., Dixit, V.: Public opinion about automated vehicles in Australia: results from a large-scale national survey. Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Practice 129, 1–18 (2019)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Shabanpour, R., Golshani, N., Shamshiripour, A., Mohammadian, A.: Eliciting preferences for adoption of fully automated vehicles using best-worst analysis. Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 93, 463–478 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Piao, J., McDonald, M., Hounsell, N., Graindorge, M., Graindorge, T., Malhene, N.: Public views towards implementation of automated vehicles in urban areas. Transp. Res. Procedia 14, 2168–2177 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Saleh, K., Hossny, M., Nahavandi, S.: Towards trusted autonomous vehicles from vulnerable road users perspective. In: 2017 Annual IEEE International Systems Conference (SysCon). Montreal, Canada (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Alessandrini, A., Campagna, A., Delle Site, P., Filippi, F., Persia, L.: Automated vehicles and the rethinking of mobility and cities. Transp. Res. Procedia 5, 145–160 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Shi, L., Prevedouros, P.: Autonomous and connected cars: HCM estimates for freeways with various market penetration rates. Transp. Res. Procedia 15, 389–402 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ohnemus, M., Perl, A.: Shared autonomous vehicles: catalyst of new mobility for the last mile. Built Environ. 42(4), 589–602 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Harper, C., Hendrickson, C., Mangones, S., Samaras, C.: Estimating potential increases in travel with autonomous vehicles for the non-driving, elderly and people with travel-restrictive medical conditions. Transp. Res. Part C: Emerg. Technol. 72, 1–9 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wadud, Z., MacKenzie, D., Leiby, P.: Help or hindrance? The travel, energy and carbon impacts of highly automated vehicles. Transp. Res. Part A: Policy Pract. 86, 1–18 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pugnetti, C., Schläpfer, R.: Customer preferences and implicit tradeoffs in accident scenarios for self-driving vehicle algorithms. J. Risk Financ. Manage. 11, 28 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin, P.: Why ethics matters for autonomous cars. In: Maurer, M., Gerdes, C., Lenz, B., Winner, H. (eds.), Autonomous Driving. Technical, Legal and Social Aspects, pp. 69–85. Springer, Berlin, Deutschland (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ethics Commission “Automated and connected driving”.: Report (Extract). Retrieved January 28, 2020 from http://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/EN/Documents/G/ethic-commission-report.pdf?__blob=publicationFile (2017)

  21. Lütge, C.: The German ethics code for automated and connected driving. Philos. Technol. 30, 547–558 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Nyholm, S., Smids, J.: The ethics of accident-algorithms for self-driving cars: an applied trolley problem? Ethical Theory Moral Pract. 19(5), 1275–1289 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Foot, P.: The problem of abortion and the doctrine of the double effect. Oxford Rev. 5, 1–7 (1967)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Goodall, N.J.: Away from trolley problems and toward risk management. Appl. Artif. Intell. 30(8), 810–821 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I.: The trolley, the bull bar, and why engineers should care about the ethics of autonomous cars. Proc. IEEE 107(3), 502–504 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I.: Autonomous vehicles need experimental ethics: are we ready for utilitarian cars? Retrieved January 28, 2020 from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/13d4/56d4c53d7b03b90ba59845a8f61b23b9f6e8.pdf (2015)

  27. Millar, J.: Technology as moral proxy. IEEE Technol. Soc. Mag. 47–55 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gogoll, J., Müller, J.F.: Autonomous cars: in favor of a mandatory ethics setting. Sci. Eng. Ethics 23(3), 681–700 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Taeihagh, A., Lim, H.S.M.: Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transp. Rev. 39(1), 103–128 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bienzeisler, J., Cousin, C., Deschamps, V., Eberle, U., Feldle, J., Gail, J., … Tango, F.: Deliverable D2.3// Legal aspects on automated driving. AdaptIVe. Retrieved March 30, 2020 from: https://www.adaptive-ip.eu/index.php/deliverables_papers.html (2017)

  31. Straßenverkehrsgesetz, § 1b Abs. 2, S. 2 in der Fassung vom 5. Dezember 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2020 from: https://www.gesetzte-im-internt.de/stvg/STVG.pdf

  32. Bullinger, H.-J.: Ergonomie: Produkt- und Arbeitsplatzgestaltung. B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart (1994)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  33. Bruder, R., Didier, M.: Gestaltung von Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstellen. In: Winner, H., Hakuli, S., Wolf, G. (eds.) Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme - Grundlagen, Komponenten und Systeme für aktive Sicherheit und Komfort, pp. 314–324. Vieweg+Teubner, Wiesbaden (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Parasuraman, R., Riley, V.: Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 39(2), 230–253 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Reilhac, P., Millet, N., Hottelart, K.: Thinking intuitive driving automation, Road Vehicle Automation 2, In: Meyer, G., Beiker, S. (eds.), Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ganzhorn, M., Diederichs, F., Widlroither, H.: A holistic approach for measuring driver distraction and inattention. In: ITS 3rd International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention, DDI. Gothenburg, Sweden (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Endsley, M.: Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, vol. 32(2), pp. 97–101. SAGE Publications (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kolbig, M., & Müller, S.: Mode awareness im Fahrkontext: Eine theoretische Betrachtung. In E. Brandenburg, L. Doria, A. Gross, T. Günzler, & H. Smieszek. Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion. 10. Berliner Werkstatt Mensch-Maschine-Systeme, Oct. 10–12, Berlin, Germany. Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin: Berlin, Germany (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Norman, D.: Some observations on mental models. In: Gentner, D., Stevens, A. (eds.) mental Models, pp. 7–14. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ (1983)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Arndt, S.: Evaluierung der Akzeptanz von Fahrerassistenzsystemen - Prüfung eines Modells zur Vorhersage des Kaufverhaltens von Endkunden. Ph.D. thesis, Dresden University (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sarter, N.B., Woods, D.D.: How in the world did we ever get into that mode? Mode error and awareness in supervisory control. Hum. Factors 37(1), 5–19 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lee, J.D., See, K.A.: Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 46(1), 50–80 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Nielsen, J.: Usability Engineering. Morgan, Fremont, California (1993)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. EuroNCAP.: https://www.euroncap.com/en/ratings-rewards/euro-ncap-advanced-rewards/2011-mercedes-benz-attention-assist/ (2011)

  45. NVIDIA Embedded Computing.: https://developer.nvidia.com/embedded/jetson-embedded-platform

  46. GM Pressroom.: http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/cadillac/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2017/apr/0410-supercruise.html (2017)

  47. Jayswal, A.S., Modi, R.V.: Face and eye detection techniques for driver drowsiness detection. Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. (IRJET) 4(04), 2508 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Fridman, L., Lee, J., Reimer, B., Victor, T.: ‘Owl’and ‘Lizard’: patterns of head pose and eye pose in driver gaze classification. IET Comput. Vision 10(4), 308–314 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Vicente, F., Huang, Z., Xiong, X., De la Torre, F., Zhang, W., Levi, D.: Driver gaze tracking and eyes off the road detection system. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 16(4), 2014–2027 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ganzhorn, M., Diederichs, J. P., & Höfer, M.: Eine bewerterbasierte Ablenkungsskala (BABS) zur objektiven Beurteilung von Unaufmerksamkeit. VDI-Berichte, (2205) (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Linde, B., & Leuteritz, J.-P.: Acceptance of adaptive HMIs in SAE level 3 automated cars (in preparation)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Society of Automotive Engineers.: Operational definitions of driving performance measures and statistics (2015)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research work has been funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº 723021.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Empirische Soziologie (IfeS) an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany

    Clemens Kraetsch & Bernhard Schrauth

  2. VTI, the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Linköping, Sweden

    Gabriella Eriksson & Niklas Strand

  3. Mov’eo, Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray, France

    Florent Anon

  4. Fraunhofer IAO, Berlin, Germany

    Jan-Paul Leuteritz

Authors
  1. Clemens Kraetsch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gabriella Eriksson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Niklas Strand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Florent Anon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jan-Paul Leuteritz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bernhard Schrauth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Clemens Kraetsch .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Graz, Steiermark, Austria

    Daniel Watzenig

  2. Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Graz, Steiermark, Austria

    Lisa-Marie Schicker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Kraetsch, C., Eriksson, G., Strand, N., Anon, F., Leuteritz, JP., Schrauth, B. (2021). Bridging Gaps for the Adoption of Automated Vehicles—BRAVE Aspects for TrustVehicles—Development of Innovative HMIs to Increase Acceptance. In: Watzenig, D., Schicker, LM. (eds) Enhanced Trustworthiness and End User Acceptance of Conditionally Automated Vehicles in the Transition Period. Lecture Notes in Intelligent Transportation and Infrastructure. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60861-3_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation