Skip to main content

The Health Effects of Obesity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
  • 744 Accesses

Abstract

Obesity exerts widespread effects on health and well-being through a combination of the physical or biomechanical forces related to excess fat mass and the physiologic or endocrine actions of various adipose tissue depots. This chapter will describe how obesity impacts survival, and then provide an overview of the co-morbidities that are responsible for the vast majority of obesity-related mortality, namely cardiovascular, respiratory and oncologic conditions. The effect of obesity on other organ systems will be briefly reviewed followed by a discussion of how obesity impacts special clinical populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Rosen H. Is Obesity A Disease or A Behavior Abnormality? Did the AMA Get It Right? Mo Med. 2014;111(2):104–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Gu D, He J, Duan X, et al. Body weight and mortality among men and women in China. JAMA. 2006;295:776–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fontaine KR, McCubrey R, Mehta T, et al. Body mass index and mortality rate among Hispanic adults: a pooled analysis of multiple epidemiologic data sets. International Journal of Obesity. 2012;36:1121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Zheng W, McLerran DF, Rolland B, et al. Association between body-mass index and risk of death in more than 1 million Asians. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:719–29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2211–9.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju ShN, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):776–786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1

  8. Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):758–69. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Banack HR, Stokes A. The ‘obesity paradox’ may not be a paradox at all. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(8):1162–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ortega FB, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2016;118(11):1752–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306883.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Sawan C, Macko RF, Furie KL. Obesity: a stubbornly obvious target for stroke prevention. Stroke. 2013;44(1):278–86. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.639922.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Després JP. Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update. Circulation. 2012;126(10):1301–13. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Iacobellis G. Local and systemic effects of the multifaceted epicardial adipose tissue depot. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11(6):363–71. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2015.58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sebastian JC. Respiratory physiology and pulmonary complications in obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):157–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Murugan AT, Sharma G. Obesity and respiratory diseases. Chron Respir Dis. 2008;5(4):233–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972308096978.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dietz W, Santos-Burgoa C. Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(6):1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22818.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tan M, He FJ, MacGregor GA. Obesity and covid-19: the role of the food industry. BMJ. 2020;369:m2237. Published 2020 Jun 10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2237

  18. Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Body fatness and cancer--viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794-798. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr1606602.

  19. Fagan HB, Wender R, Myers RE, Petrelli N. Obesity and Cancer Screening according to Race and Gender. J Obes. 2011;2011:218250. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/218250.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Adams TD, Hunt SC. Cancer and Obesity: Effect of Bariatric Surgery. World J Surg. 2009;33:2028–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-009-0169-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Camilleri M, Malhi H, Acosta A. Gastrointestinal Complications of Obesity. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):1656–70. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.052.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Morandi A, Maffeis C. Urogenital complications of obesity. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):209–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.04.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Brien PD, Hinder LM, Callaghan BC, Feldman EL. Neurological consequences of obesity. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(6):465–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30084-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Rajan TM, Menon V. Psychiatric disorders and obesity: A review of association studies. J Postgrad Med. 2017;63(3):182–90. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_712_16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Tobin AM, Ahern T, Rogers S, Collins P, O’Shea D, Kirby B. The dermatological consequences of obesity. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(8):927–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05624.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nikiphorou E, Fragoulis GE. Inflammation, obesity and rheumatic disease: common mechanistic links. A narrative review. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018;10(8):157–167. Published 2018 Jun 27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X18783894

  27. Wearing SC, Hennig EM, Byrne NM, Steele JR, Hills AP. Musculoskeletal disorders associated with obesity: a biomechanical perspective. Obes Rev. 2006;7(3):239–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00251.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mahutte N, Kamga-Ngande C, Sharma A, Sylvestre C. Obesity and Reproduction. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018;40(7):950–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2018.04.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kwan JM, Hajjiri Z, Metwally A, Finn PW, Perkins DL. Effect of the obesity epidemic on kidney transplantation: obesity is independent of diabetes as a risk factor for adverse renal transplant outcomes. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0165712. Published 2016 Nov 16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165712.

  30. Hasse J. Pretransplant obesity: a weighty issue affecting transplant candidacy and outcomes. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22(5):494–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0115426507022005494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wever-Pinzon J, Drakos SG, Fang JC. Con: The obese heart failure patient as a candidate for mechanical circulatory support: it's rarely appropriate. Am Coll Cardiol. June 29, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2015/06/29/08/49/con-the-obese-heart-failure-patient-as-candidate-for-mechanical-circulatory-support-its-rarely-appropriate.

  32. Boyce L, Prasad A, Barrett M, et al. The outcomes of total knee arthroplasty in morbidly obese patients: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2019;139(4):553–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-019-03127-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Neef M, Weise S, Adler M, et al. Health impact in children and adolescents. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):229–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.02.007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nadia Ahmad .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ahmad, N. (2021). The Health Effects of Obesity. In: Al-Sabah, S., Aminian, A., Angrisani, L., Al Haddad, E., Kow, L. (eds) Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57373-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57373-7_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-57372-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-57373-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics