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Neither Local nor Global

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Norms, Storytelling and International Institutions in China

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Abstract

This chapter begins with the three waves of theories regarding norm diffusion and underlines the embedded binary opposition between the local and the global domains. I emphasise norm ambivalence and contend norm diffusion as a de-boundarying process that fractures the symbolic divisions and builds interconnections through the acts of translation and brokerage. To further explore the everyday dynamics of deconstructing boundaries, I draw on theories of storytelling in anthropology and political sociology, to illustrate how this in-between action can be employed as a persuasion strategy to revise the normative order and establish the entanglements in local-global encounters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Here I build the theory review on Acharya’s work (2004), whose summary is under the influence of Cortell and Davis (2000). The terms that he uses to describe the two waves of literature and his own theoretical proposition are “moral cosmopolitanism,” “domestic fit” and “constitutive localisation.” It should be noted that this review focuses primarily on the constructivist literature, which is most intensively involved in the theorisation on ideas and norms. Other approaches such as rationalist institutionalism or sociological institutionalism are mentioned but not discussed in detail. The distinctions between the three waves of norm diffusion literature are not clear-cut, as many of the works draw on different perspectives in combination to explain norm diffusion. The Stanford school of sociological institutionalism, for example, mainly argues for the socialisation into global normative community, although they also notice the role of domestic institutions that shape such processes (Strang and Meyer 1993; Meyer et al. 1997).

  2. 2.

    A third potential source of leverage comes from the organisational characteristics of transnational actors themselves. A shared and cohesive consensus over a norm (Weaver and Rockman 2010), dense networks with regular information exchange and centralised structures that respond quickly to the external changes (Keck and Sikkink 1998; Lake and Wong 2011) influence the effectiveness of the coercion and pressure exercised by transnational actors.

  3. 3.

    The timing in which an issue is proposed (Cox 2001), generational turnover (Art 2006), number of veto players (Bulmer and Padgett 2005; Schmidt 2011) and proximity of elections (Swank 2008) contribute to the formation and transformation of opportunity structures.

  4. 4.

    More specific strategies of argumentation and persuasion can include the use of discourses (Fischer 2003; Schmidt 2008), narratives (Hay 1996; Blyth 2007), frames of reference (Skogstad 2011), public debate (Art 2006), collective symbols and memories (Edelman 1998; Rothstein 2005).

  5. 5.

    For a detailed discussion, see Björkdahl and Höglund (2013).

  6. 6.

    Binary oppositions are categorically opposed domains, such as good/bad, culture/nature and us/them, whose interrelationship is regarded as a fundamental organising principle of language, society and politics in structuralism and post-structuralism (Levi-Strauss 1966; Douglas 2003). Foucault (1979) points out the boundaries between the domains can be temporarily redefined, though the dialectic negation is maintained as the logic of the social universe. Derrida (1978) underlines the embedded power relationship in which the culturally privileged pole of a binary opposition suppresses alternative aspects of realities. For a discussion of binary oppositions in social discourse, see Seidman (1994).

  7. 7.

    Levi-Strauss (1966), from a different anthropological perspective, also argues that stories are fundamentally in-between in structure.

  8. 8.

    The current literature on storytelling in political sociology (Polletta et al. 2011) and interpretive political science (Bevir and Rhodes 2002; Bevir and Rhodes 2016) is under the influence of the interdisciplinary “narrative turn” in the 1980s (MacIntyre 1981; Ricoeur 1984; Bruner 1990) led by philosophers and psychologists, though directing more attention towards the aspects of social performance and interactive construction in storytelling.

  9. 9.

    Stories as challenges here are two-fold. The first is the stories used by actors within or without the institution to challenge the institutional conventions (Epstein 1996). The second is the stories mobilised by personnel on behalf of the institutions to challenge the normative order of other institutions or of the society in general. Here I focus on the second type of stories and narratives.

  10. 10.

    Along a different disciplinary tradition of interpretive political science, Bevir and Rhodes (2016) argue that narratives relate actions to the beliefs and ideas that produce them and situate actions in institutional and historical contexts. In this way, narratives reflect the “situated agency” of actors, as they are simultaneously autonomous and delimited in institutions.

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    Xiaoyu Lu

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Lu, X. (2021). Neither Local nor Global. In: Norms, Storytelling and International Institutions in China. St Antony's Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56707-1_2

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