Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurological Diseases in Pediatric Critical Care

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric Critical Care

  • 2819 Accesses

Abstract

Many pediatric neurological disorders may require intensive care management. In this chapter, nontraumatic neurologic disorders that routinely challenge the pediatric intensivist, such as altered mental status (including coma), status epilepticus, disorders of muscular tone and strength, and inflammatory and infectious etiologies of the central nervous system, will be considered. The causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, treatment options, and outcomes will be briefly presented for each condition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Suggested Readings

  • Absoud M, Greenberg BM, Lim M, Lotze T, Thomas T, Deiva K. Pediatric transverse myelitis. Neurology. 2016;87(9 Supplement 2):S46–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams R, McVie V, Hsu L, et al. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusion in children with abnormal results of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:5–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson K, Potter A, Baban D, Davies KE. Protein expression changes in spinal muscular atrophy revealed with a novel antibody array technology. Brain. 2003;126:2052–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banasiak KJ, Lister G. Brain death in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2003;15:288–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartynski WS. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29:1036–42.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bassin S, Smith TL, Bleck TP. Clinical review: status epilepticus. Crit Care. 2002;6:137–42.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biros I, Forrest S. Spinal muscular atrophy: untangling the knot? J Med Genet. 1999;36:1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cellucci T, Van Mater H, Graus F, et al. Clinical approach to the diagnosis of-autoimmune encephalitis in the pediatric patient. Neurology. 2020;7:e663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AFM cases and outbreaks. https://www.cdc.gov/acute-flaccid-myelitis/cases-in-us.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.

  • Cherington M. Botulism: update and review. Semin Neurol. 2004;24:155–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke ET, Heyderman RS. Current concepts in the treatment of bacterial meningitis beyond the neonatal period. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther. 2006;4:663–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czaplinski A, Steck AJ. Immune mediated neuropathies–an update on therapeutic strategies. J Neurol. 2004;251:127–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. JAMA. 2004;291:2367–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Negri M, Baglietto MG. Treatment of status epilepticus in children. Pediatr Drugs. 2001;3:411–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elrick MJ, Gordon-Lipkin E, Crawford TO, et al. Clinical subpopulations in a sample of North American children diagnosed with acute flaccid myelitis, 2012-2016. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:134–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glauser T, Shinnar S, Gloss D, et al. Evidence-based guideline: treatment of convulsive status epilepticus in children and adults: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy Curr. 2016;16:48–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutmann L, Gutmann L. Critical illness neuropathy and myopathy. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:527–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes EB, O’Leary DR. West Nile virus infection: a pediatric perspective. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1375–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, et al. A reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:494–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiraga A, Mori M, Ogawara K, Hattori T, Kuwabara S. Differences in patterns of progression in demyelinating and axonal Guillain–Barré syndromes. Neurology. 2003;61:471–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hund E. Myopathy in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:2544–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hund E. Neurological complications of sepsis: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. J Neurol. 2001;248:929–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jungbluth H, Sewry CA, Muntoni F. What’s new in neuromuscular disorders? The congenital myopathies. Eur J Pediatr Neurol. 2003;7:23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane MS, Sonne C, Zhu S, et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcomes among children with acute flaccid myelitis: a population-based cohort study in a California Health Network between 2011 and 2016. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019;38:667–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapur J, Elm J, Chamberlain JM, et al. Randomized trial of three anticonvulsant medications for status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2103–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kieseier BC, Kiefer R, Gold R, Hemmer B, Willison HJ, Hartung H-P. Muscle Nerve. 2004;30:131–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimberlin D. Herpes simplex virus, meningitis and encephalitis in neonates. Herpes. 2004;11(Suppl 2):65A–76A.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critical review. Epilepsia. 2004;45:1141–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonhard SE, Mandarakas MR, Gondim FAA, et al. Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome in ten steps. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:671–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyttle M, Rainford NEA, Gamble C, et al. Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for second-line treatment of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus (EcLiPSE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2019;393:2125–34.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mader S, Gredler V, Schanda K, et al. Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders. J Neuroinflammation. 2011;8:184.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mahadeva B, Phillips LH, Juel VC. Autoimmune disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Semin Neurol. 2008;28:212–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maramattom BV, Wijdicks EFM. Acute neuromuscular weakness in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2835–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mejia RE, Pollack MM. Variability in brain death determination practices in children. JAMA. 1995;274:550–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nabbout R, Dulac O. Epileptic encephalopathies: a brief overview. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;20:393–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakagawa TA, Ashwal S, Mathur M, et al. Clinical report–guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: an update of the 1987 Task Force recommendations. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e720–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patt HA, Feigin RD. Diagnosis and management of suspected cases of bioterrorism: a pediatric perspective. Pediatrics. 2002;109:685–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF. Inflammatory transverse myelitis: evolving concepts. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006;19:362–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polat İ, Yiş U, Karaoğlu P, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody persistency in a steroid-dependent ADEM case. Pediatrics. 2016;137:e20151958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad AN, Prasad C. The floppy infant: contribution of genetic and metabolic disorders. Brain and Development. 2003;27:457–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Report of special Task Force. Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children. American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Brain Death in Children. Pediatrics. 1987;80:298–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saperstein DS. Muscle channelopathies. Semin Neurol. 2008;28:260–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schweickert WD, Hall J. ICU-acquired weakness. Chest. 2007;131:1541–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Servillo G, Bifulco F, De Robertis E, et al. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:230–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DM, McGinnis EL, Walleigh DJ, Abend NS. Management of status epilepticus in children. J Clin Med. 2016;5:47.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soler-Botija C, Ferrer I, Gich I, Baiget M, Tizzano EF. Neuronal death is enhanced and begins during fetal development in type I spinal muscular atrophy spinal cord. Brain. 2002;125:1624–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabarki B, Coffinieres A, Van den Bergh P, Huault G, Landrieu P, Sebire G. Critical illness neuromuscular disease: clinical, electrophysiological and prognostic aspects. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:103–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taratuto AL. Congenital myopathies and related disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;15:553–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenembaum S, Chitnis T, Ness J, Hahn J. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 2007;68(Suppl 2):S23–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uniform Determination of Death Act of 1981; Natural Death Act of 1981. Lexis DC Code DC. 1982; Sect. 6.2401 6.2421 to 6.2430 amended Feb 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitley RJ, Grann JW. Viral encephalitis: familiar infections and emerging pathogens. Lancet. 2002;359:507–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winters JL, Pineda AA. New directions in plasma exchange. Curr Opin Hematol. 2003;10:424–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirth B. An update of the mutation spectrum of the survival motor neuron gene (SMN1) in autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Hum Mutat. 2000;15:228–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child Neurology, Geisinger Medical Center, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Janet Weis Children’s Hospital, Danville, PA, USA

    Anne Marie Morse

  2. Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA

    Michael J. Bell

  3. Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Janet Weis Children’s Hospital, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA

    Frank A. Maffei

  4. Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA

    Frank A. Maffei

Authors
  1. Anne Marie Morse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael J. Bell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Frank A. Maffei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne Marie Morse .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    Steven E. Lucking

  2. Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Janet Weis Children’s Hospital, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA

    Frank A. Maffei

  3. Department of Pediatrics/Divisions of Pediatric Critical and Palliative Care Medicine, Janet Weis Children’s Hospital at Geisinger, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA, USA

    Robert F. Tamburro

  4. Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children’s Hospital of The King’s Daughters, Norfolk, VA, USA

    Arno Zaritsky

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Morse, A.M., Bell, M.J., Maffei, F.A. (2021). Neurological Diseases in Pediatric Critical Care. In: Lucking, S.E., Maffei, F.A., Tamburro, R.F., Zaritsky, A. (eds) Pediatric Critical Care . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53363-2_26

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53363-2_26

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53362-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53363-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation