Abstract
Jotunheimen in central South Norway is home of the highest peaks in Norway. It is characterised by omnipresent high-altitudinal plateaus creating a specific gross morphology and providing diverse natural environments for the periglacial process-system. A variety of periglacial landforms including different types of patterned ground, rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines, and solifluction features occur in Jotunheimen. Their altitudinal distribution is strongly controlled by the regional distribution of permafrost, but may also be influenced by other factors like topography, bedrock properties, sedimentology, or vegetation. The regional distribution of permafrost modelled on basis of meteorological parameters and ground temperature measurements accompanied by local air temperature records provide a good basis for the investigation of causal links between the altitudinal zonation of certain periglacial landforms and the lower limit of permafrost. Whereas the fluctuations of this lower limit of permafrost since Deglaciation are reasonably well constraint and its uppermost position during the Holocene Thermal Maximum followed by a subsequent late Holocene lowering seems confirmed, there is hardly any available chronological data on the periglacial landforms themselves. Exceptions are small-scale features on recently deglaciated glacier forelands, but other well-developed landforms seem to have formed shortly after Deglaciation and appear quite inactive today.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahlmann HW (1919) Geomorphological studies in Norway. Geogr Ann 1:1–146/193–255
Ahlmann HW (1922) Glaciers in Jotunheimen and their physiography. Geogr Ann 4:1–57
Andersen JL, Egholm DL, Knudsen MF, Linge H, Jansen JD, Pedersen VK, Nielsen SB, Tikhomirov D, Olsen J, Fabel D, Xu S (2018) Widespread erosion on high plateaus during recent glaciations in Scandinavia. Nat Commun 9: article 830
Andreassen LM, Winsvold SH (eds) (2012) Inventory of Norwegian glaciers. NVE, Oslo, Rapport 38-2012
Andreassen LM, Elvehøy H, Kjøllmoen B, Engeset RV, Haakensen N (2005) Glacier mass balance and length variations in Norway. Ann Glaciol 42:317–325
Bakke J, Dahl SO, Nesje A (2005) Lateglacial and early Holocene palaeoclimatic reconstruction based on glacier fluctuations and equilibrium-line altitudes at northern Folgefonna, Hardanger, western Norway. J Quaternary Sci 20:179–198
Ballantyne CK (1979) Patterned ground on an active medial moraine, Jotunheimen, Norway. J Glaciol 22:396–401
Ballantyne CK (2010) A general model of autochthonous blockfield evolution. Permafrost Periglac 21:289–300
Ballantyne CK (2013a) Patterned ground. In: Elias SA, Mock CJ (eds) Encyclopedia of Quaternary science, 2nd edn, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 452–463
Ballantyne CK (2013b) Trimlines and paleonunataks. In: Elias SA, Mock CJ (eds) Encyclopedia of Quaternary science, vol 1, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 918–928
Ballantyne CK (2018) Periglacial geomorphology. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester
Ballantyne CK, Matthews JA (1982) The development of sorted circles on recently deglaciated terrain, Jotunheimen, Norway. Arctic Alpine Res 14:341–354
Ballantyne CK, Matthews JA (1983) Desiccation cracking and sorted polygon development, Jotunheimen, Norway. Arctic Alpine Res 15:339–349
Battey MH, Bryhni I (1981) Berggrunnen og landskapet. In: Garmo TT, Marker E (eds) Norges nasjonalparker 10 – Jotunheimen. Luther, Oslo, pp 21–33
Battey MH, McRitchie WD (1973) A geological traverse across the pyroxene-granulites of Jotunheimen in the Norwegian Caledonides. Norsk Geol Tidsskr 53:237–265
Battey MH, McRitchie WD (1975) The petrology of the pyroxene-granulite facies rocks of Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geol Tidsskr 55:1–49
Barsch D (1971) Rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines. Geogr Ann A 53:203–206
Barsch D (1977) Nature and importance of mass wasting by rock glaciers in alpine permafrost environments. Earth Surf Proc 2:231–245
Barsch D (1996) Rock glaciers—indicators for the present and former geoecology in high mountain environments. Springer, Berlin
Barsch D, Treter U (1976) Zur Verbreitung von Periglazial-Phänomenen in Rondane/Norwegen. Geogr Ann A 58:83–93
Baumann S, Winkler S (2010) Parameterization of glacier inventory data from Jotunheimen/Norway in comparison to the European Alps and the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Erdkunde 64:155–177
Baumann S, Winkler S, Andreassen LM (2009) Mapping glaciers in Jotunheimen, South-Norway, during the ‘Little Ice Age’ maximum. Cryosphere 3:231–243
Bogen J, Wold B, Østrem G (1989) Historic glacier variations in Scandinavia. In: Oerlemans J (ed) Glacier fluctuations and climatic change. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 109–128
Cook-Talbot JD (1991) Sorted circles, relative-age dating and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in an alpine periglacial environment, eastern Jotunheimen, Norway: lichenometric and weathering-based approaches. Holocene 1:128–141
Dahl SO, Nesje A, Øvstedal J (1997) Cirque glaciers as morphological evidence for a thin Younger Dyras ice sheet in east-central southern Norway. Boreas 26:161–180
Dahl SO, Nesje A, Lie Ø, Fjordheim K, Matthews JA (2002) Timing, equilibrium-line altitudes and climatic implications of two early-Holocene glacier glacier readvances during the Erdalen event at Jostedalsbreen, western Norway. Holocene 12:17–25
Draebing D, Eichel J (2017) Spatial controls of Turf-banked solifluction lobes and their role for paraglacial adjustment in glacier forelands. Permafrost Periglac 28:446–459
Ebert K (2009) Terminology of long-term geomorphology: a Scandinavian perspective. Prog Phys Geogr 33:163–182
Egholm DL, Jansen JD, Brædstrup CF, Pedersen VK, Andersen JL, Ugelvig SV, Larsen NK, Knudsen MF (2017) Formation of plateau landscapes on glaciated continental margins. Nat Geosci 10:592–599
Eichel J, Draebing D, Klingbeil L, Wieland M, Eling C, Schmidtlein S, Kuhlmann H, Dikau R (2017) Solifluction meets vegetation: the role of biogeomorphic feedbacks for turf-banked solifluction lobe development. Earth Surf Proc Land 42:1623–1635
Elliott G, Worsley P (1999) The sedimentology, stratigraphy and 14C dating of a turf-banked solifluction lobe: evidence for Holocene slope instability at Okstindan, northern Norway. J Quaternary Sci 14:175–188
Ellis S (1979) Radiocarbon dating evidence for the initiation of solifluction ca. 5500 years B.P. at Okstindan, North Norway. Geogr Ann A 61:29–33
Ellis S (1983) Stratigraphy and 14C dating of two earth hummocks, Jotunheimen, south central Norway. Geogr Ann A 65:279–287
Erikstad L, Sollid JL (1986) Neoglaciation in South Norway using lichenometric methods. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 40:85–105
Etzelmüller B, Hagen JO (2005) Glacier-permafrost interaction in Arctic and alpine mountain environments with examples from southern Norway and Svalbard. In: Harris C, Murton JB (eds) Cryospheric systems: glaciers and permafrost. Geological Society of London Special Publication 242, Bath, pp 11–27
Etzelmüller B, Berthing I, Sollid JL (2003) Aspects and concepts on the geomorphological significance of Holocene permafrost in southern Norway. Geomorphology 52:87–104
Etzelmüller B, Romstad B, Fjellanger J (2007) Automatic regional classification of topography in Norway. Norw J Geol 87:167–180
Fabel D, Stroeven A, Harbor J, Kleman J, Elmore D, Fink D (2002) Landscape preservation under Fennoscandian ice sheets determined from in situ produced 10Be and 26Al. Earth Planet Sc Lett 201:397–406
Farbrot H, Hipp TF, Etzelmüller B, Isaksen K, Ødegård RS, Schuler TV, Humlum O (2011) Air and ground temperature variations observed along elevation and continentality gradients in southern Norway. Permafrost Periglac 22:343–360
Fossen H, Pedersen R-B, Bergh S, Andresen A (2008) Creation of a mountain chain. The building up of the Caledonides, about 500-405 Ma. In: Ramberg I, Bryhni I, Nøttvedt A, Rangnes K (eds) The making of a land—geology of Norway. NGF, Trondheim, pp 178–231
French HM (2007) The periglacial environment, 3rd edn. Wiley, Chichester
Gisnås K, Etzelmüller B, Farbrot H, Schuler TV, Westermann S (2013) CryoGRID 1.0: permafrost distribution in Norway estimated by a spatial numerical model. Permafrost Periglac 24:2–19
Gisnås K, Etzelmüller B, Lussana C, Hjort J, Sannel BK, Isaksen K, Westermann S, Kuhry P, Christiansen HH, Frampton A, Åkerman J (2017) Permafrost map for Norway, Sweden and Finland. Permafrost Periglac 28:359–378
Gjessing J (1967) Norway’s paleic surface. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 21:69–132
Gjessing J (1978) Norges landformer. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo/Bergen/Tromsø
Goehring BM, Brook EJ, Linge H, Raisbeck GM, Yiou F (2008) Beryllium-10 exposure ages of erratic boulders in southern Norway and implications for the history of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. Quaternary Sci Rev 27:320–336
Goldthwait RP (1976) Frost-sorted patterned ground: a review. Quaternary Res 6:27–35
Goodfellow BW, Stroeven AP, Hättestrand C, Kleman J, Jansson KN (2008) Deciphering a non-glacial/glacial landscape mosaic in the northern Swedish mountains. Geomorphology 93:213–232
Goodfellow BW, Fredin IO, Derron M-H, Stroeven AP (2009) Weathering processes and Quaternary origin of an alpine blockfield in Arctic Sweden. Boreas 38:379–398
Goodfellow BW, Stroeven AP, Fabel D, Fredin O, Derron M-H, Bintanja R, Caffee MW (2014) Arctic–alpine blockfields in the northern Swedish Scandes: late Quaternary—not Neogene. Earth Surf Dynam 2:383–401
Griffey NJ, Worsley P (1978) The pattern of Neoglacial glacier variations in the Okstindan region of northern Norway during the last three millennia. Boreas 7:1–17
Hall AM, Ebert K, Kleman J, Nesje A, Ottesen D (2013) Selective glacial erosion on the Norwegian passive margin. Geology 41:1203–1206
Hallet B (1990) Self-organization in freezing soils—from microscopic ice lenses to patterned ground. Can J Phys 68:842–852
Hallet B (2015) Stone circles: form and soil kinematics. Philos T R Soc A 371:20120357
Harris C (2013) Slope deposits and forms. In: Elias SA (ed) Encyclopedia of Quaternary science, vol 3, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 481–489
Harris C, Cook JD (1986) The detection of high altitude permafrost in Jotunheimen, Norway using seismic refraction techniques: an assessment. Arctic Alpine Res 18:19–26
Harris C, Cook JD (1988) Micromorphology and microfabrics of sorted circles, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. In: Senneset K (ed) 5th international conference on permafrost proceedings, vol 1. Tapir, Trondheim, pp 776–783
Harris C, Matthews JA (1984) Some observations on boulder-cored frost boils. Geogr J 150:63–73
Harris C, Kern-Luetschg M, Smith M, Isaksen K (2008) Solifluction processes in an area of seasonal ground freezing, Dovrefjell, Norway. Permafrost Periglac 19:31–47
Harris SA (1988) The alpine periglacial zone. In: Clark MJ (ed) Advances in periglacial geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, pp 369–413
Hauck C, Isaksen K, Vonder Mühll D, Sollid JL (2004) Geophysical surveys designed to delineate the altitudinal limit of mountain permafrost: an example from Jotunheimen, Norway. Permafrost Periglac 15:191–205
Haugland JE (2004) Formation of patterned ground and fine-scale soil development within two late Holocene glacial chronosequences: Jotunheimen, Norway. Geomorphology 61:287–301
Haugland JE (2006) Short-term periglacial processes, vegetation succession, and soil development within sorted patterned ground: Jotunheimen, Norway. Arctic Antarc Alp Res 38:82–89
Hedding DW (2016) Pronival ramparts: a review. Prog Phys Geog 40:835–855
Hiemstra JF, Matthews JW, Evans DJA, Owen G (2015) Sediment fingerprinting and the mode of singular and composite annual moraine ridges at two glacier margins, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Holocene 25:1772–1785
Hipp T, Etzelmüller B, Farbrot H, Schuler TV, Westermann S (2012) Modelling borehole temperatures in Southern Norway—insights into permafrost dynamics during the 20th and 21st century. Cryosphere 6:553–571
Hoel A, Werenskiold W (1962) Glaciers and snowfields in Norway. Norsk Polarinstitut Skrifter, Oslo, p 114
Holmsen P (1982) Jotunheimen - beskrivelse til kvartærgeologisk kart M 1:250.000. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse 374 Skrifter 37, Trondheim
Hughes ALC, Gyllencreutz R, Lohne ØS, Mangerud J, Svendsen JI (2016) The last Eurasian ice sheets—a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas 45:1–45
Isaksen K, Holmlund P, Sollid JL, Harris C (2001) Three deep alpine-permafrost boreholes in Svalbard and Scandinavia. Permafrost Periglac 12:13–25
Isaksen K, Hauck C, Gudevang E, Ødegård RS, Sollid JL (2002) Mountain permafrost distribution in Dovrefjell and Jotunheimen, southern Norway, based on BTS and DC resistivity tomography data. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 56:122–136
Isaksen K, Heggem ESF, Bakkehoi S, Ødegård RS, Eiken T, Etzelmüller B, Sollid JL (2003) Mountain permafrost and energy balance on Juvvasshoe, southern Norway. In: Phillips M, Springman SM, Arenson LU (eds) Permafrost, 2 vols. Swets and Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp 467–472
Isaksen K, Sollid JL, Holmlund P, Harris C (2007) Recent warming of mountain permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia. J Geophys Res 112:F92S04
Isaksen K, Ødegård RS, Etzelmüller B, Hilbich C, Hauck C, Farbrot H, Eiken T, Hagen JO, Hipp TF (2011) Degrading mountain permafrost in Southern Norway: Spatial and temporal variability of ground temperatures, 1999–2009. Permafrost Periglac 22:361–377
Janke JR, Regmi NR, Giardino JR, Vitek JD (2013) Rock glaciers. In: Shroder J, Giardino R, Harbor J (eds) Treatise on geomorphology, vol 8. Glacial and periglacial geomorphology. San Diego Academic Press, San Dieogo, pp 238–273
Karlén W, Matthews JA (1992) Reconstructing Holocene glacier variations from glacial lake sediments: studies from Nordvestlandet and Jostedalsbreen-Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Geogr Ann A 74:327–348
Kessler MA, Murray AB, Werner TB, Hallet B (2001) A model for sorted circles as self-organized patterns. J Geophys Res Sol-EA 106:13287–13306
King L (1984) Permafrost in Skandinavien: Untersuchungsergebnisse aus Lappland, Jotunheimen und Dovre/Rondane. Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberger Geographische Arbeiten 76, Heidelberg
Klakegg O, Norddahl-Olsen T, Sønstegaard E, Aa AR (1989) Sogn og Fjordane fylke - kvartærgeologisk kart M 1:250.000. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Trondheim
Kleman J, Stroeven AP, Lundqvist J (2008) Patterns of Quaternary ice sheet erosion and deposition in Fennoscandia and a theoretical framework for explanation. Geomorphology 97:73–90
Kleman J, Fastook J, Ebert K, Nilsson J, Caballer R (2013) Pre-LGM northern hemisphere ice sheet topography. Clim Past 9:2365–2378
Klemsdal T, Sjulsen E (1988) The Norwegian macro-landforms: definition, distribution and system of evolution. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 42:133–147
Lewkowicz AG (1988) Slope processes. In: Clark MJ (ed) Advances in periglacial geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, pp 325–368
Lidmar-Bergström K (1988) Preglacial weathering and landform evolution in Fennoscandia. Geogr Ann A 70:273–276
Lidmar-Bergström K, Ollier CD, Sulebak JR (2000) Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway. Global Planet Change 24:211–231
Lie Ø, Dahl SO, Nesje A, Matthews JA, Sandvold S (2004) Holocene fluctuations of a polythermal glacier in high-alpine eastern Jotunheimen, central-southern Norway. Quaternary Sci Rev 23:1925–1945
Liestøl O (1967) Storbreen glacier in Jotunheimen. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo, Skrifter, p 141
Liestøl O (1974) Avalanche plunge-pool effect. Norsk Polarinstitutt Årbok 1972, Oslo, pp 179–181
Lilleøren KS, Etzelmüller B (2011) A regional inventory of rock glaciers and ice-cored moraines in Norway. Geogr Ann A 93:175–191
Lilleøren K, Etzelmüller B, Schuler TV, Gisnås K, Humlum O (2012) The relative age of mountain permafrost—estimation of Holocene permafrost limits in Norway. Global Planet Change 92–93:209–223
Lutro O, Tveten E (1996) Geologisk kart over Norge, berggrunnskart Årdal M 1:250.000 Årdal. Trondheim, Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse
Mangerud J, Gyllencreutz R, Lohne Ø, Svendsen JI (2011) Glacial history of Norway. In: Ehlers J, Gibbard PL, Hughes PD (eds) Quaternary glaciations—extent and chronology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 279–298
Marr P, Winkler S, Löffler J (2018) Investigations on blockfields and related landforms at Blåhø (Southern Norway) using Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD): palaeoclimatic and morphodynamic implications. Geogr Ann A 100:285–306
Matsuoka N (2001) Solifluction rates, processes and landforms: a global review. Earth Sci Rev 55:107–134
Matsuoka N, Abe M, Ijiri M (2003) Differential frost heave and sorted patterned ground: field measurements and a laboratory experiment. Geomorphology 52:73–85
Matthews JA (1974) Families of lichenometric dating curves from the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 28:215–235
Matthews JA (1975) Experiments on the reproductibility and reliability of lichenometric dates, Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 29:97–109
Matthews JA (1977) A lichenometric test of the 1750 end-moraine hypothesis: Storbreen gletschervorfeld, southern Norway. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 31:129–136
Matthews JA (1994) Lichenometric dating: a review with particular reference to ‘Little Ice Age’ moraines in southern Norway. In: Beck C (ed) Dating in exposed and surface contexts. University of New Mexiko Press, Albuquerque, pp 185–212
Matthews JA (2005) ‘Little Ice Age’ glacier variations in Jotunheimen, southern Norway: a study in regionally controlled lichenometric dating of recessional moraines with implications for climate and lichen growth rates. Holocene 15:1–19
Matthews JA, Caseldine CJ (1987) Arctic-alpine brown soils as a source of palaeoenvironmental information: further 14C dating and palynological evidence from Vestre Memurubreen, Jotunheimen, Norway. J Quaternary Sci 2:59–71
Matthews JA, Dresser PQ (2008) Holocene glacier variation chronology of the Smørstabbtindan massif, Jotunheimen, southern Norway, and the recognition of century- to millennial-scale European Neoglacial events. Holocene 18:181–201
Matthews JA, Karlén W (1992) Asynchronous Neoglaciation and Holocene climatic change recon-structed from Norwegian glaciolacustrine sedimentary sequences. Geology 20:991–994
Matthews JA, McCarroll D (1994) Snow-avalanche impact landforms in Breheimen, southern Norway: origin, age, and paleoclimatic implications. Arctic Alp Res 26:103–115
Matthews JA, Owen G (2010) Schmidt hammer exposure-age dating: development linear age-calibration curves using Holocene bedrock surfaces from the Jotunheimen-Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway. Boreas 39:105–115
Matthews JA, Petch JR (1982) Within-valley asymmetry and related problems of Neoglacial lateral moraine development at certain Jotunheimen glaciers, southern Norway. Boreas 11:225–245
Matthews JA, Shakesby RA (1984) The status of the ‘LIttle Ice Age’ in southern Norway: a relative-age dating of Neoglacial moraines with Schmidt hammer and lichenometry. Boreas 13:333–346
Matthews JA, Winkler S (2011) Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD): application to early-Holocene moraines and a reappraisal of the reliability of terrestrial cosmogenic-nuclide dating (TCND) at Austanbotnbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway. Boreas 40:256–270
Matthews JA, Harris C, Ballantyne CK (1986) Studies on a geliflucation lobe, Jotunheimen, Norway: 14C chronology, stratigraphy, sedimentology and palæeoenvironment. Geogr Ann A 68:345–360
Matthews JA, Ballantyne C, Harris C, McCarroll D (1993) Solifluction and climatic variation in the Holocene: discussion and synthesis. In: Frenzel B (ed) Solifluction and climatic variations in the Holocene. Fischer, Paläoklimaforschung 11, Suttgart, pp 339–361
Matthews JA, McCarroll D, Shakesby RA (1995) Contemporary terminal-moraine ridge formation at a temperate glacier: Styggedalsbreen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Boreas 24:129–139
Matthews JA, Shakesby RA, Berrisford MS, McEwen LJ (1998) Periglacial patterned ground on the Styggedalsbreen glacier foreland, Jotunheimen, southern Norway: micro-topographic, paraglacial and geoecological controls. Permafrost Periglac 9:147–166
Matthews JA, Dahl SO, Nesje A, Berrisford MS, Andersson C (2000) Holocene glacier variations in central Jotunheimen, southern Norway based on distal glaciolacustrine sediment cores. Quaternary Sci Rev 19:1625–1647
Matthews JA, Berrisford MS, Dresser PQ, Nesje A, Dahl SO, Bjune AE, Bakke J, Birks HJB, Lie Ø, Dumayne-Peaty L, Barnett C (2005) Holocene glacier history of Bjørnbreen and climatic reconstruction in central Jotunheimen, Norway, based on proximal glaciofluvial stream-bank mires. Quaternary Sci Rev 24:67–90
Matthews JA, Shakesby RA, Schnabel C, Freeman S (2008) Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al ages of Holocene moraines in southern Norway I: testing the method and confirmation of the date of the Erdalen event (c. 10 ka) at its type-site. Holocene 18:1155–1164
Matthews JA, Shakesby RA, Owen G, Vater AE (2011) Pronival rampart formation in relation to snow-avalanche activity and Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating (SHD): three case studies from southern Norway. Geomorphology 130:280–288
Matthews JA, Winkler S, Wilson P (2014) Age and origin of ice-cored moraines in Jotunheimen and Breheimen, Southern Norway: insights from Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating. Geogr Ann A 96:531–548
Matthews JA, Owen G, Winkler S, Vater AE, Wilson P, Mourne RW, Hill JL (2016) A rock-surface microweathering index from Schmidt hammer R-values and its preliminary application to some common rock types in southern Norway. CATENA 143:35–44
Matthews JA, Owen G, McEwen LJ, Shakesby RA, Hill JL, Vater AE, Ratcliffe AC (2017a) Snow-avalanche impact craters in southern Norway: their morphology and dynamics compared with small terrestrial meteorite craters. Geomorphology 296:11–30
Matthews JA, Wilson P, Mourne RW (2017b) Landform transitions from pronival ramparts to moraines and rock glaciers: a case study from the Smørbotn cirque, Romsdalsalpane, southern Norway. Geogr Ann A 99:15–37
Matthews JA, Winkler S, Wilson P, Tomkins M, Dortch J, Mourne R, Hill J, Owen G, Tomkins J, Vater A (2018) Small rock-slope failures conditions by Holocene permafrost degradation: a new approach and conceptual model based on Schmidt-hammer exposure-age dating in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Boreas 47:1144–1169
McCarroll D (2016) Trimline Trauma: the wider implications of a paradigm shift in recognising and interpreting glacial limits. Scot Geogr J 132:130–139
McCarroll D, Nesje A (1993) The vertical extent of ice sheets in Nordfjord, western Norway: measuring degree of rock surface weathering. Boreas 22:255–265
Millar S (2013) Mass movement processes in the periglacial environment. In: Shroder J, Giardino R, Harbor J (eds) Treatise on geomorphology, vol 8. Glacial and periglacial geomorphology. San Diego Academic Press, San Dieogo, pp 374–391
Moen A (1998) Nasjonalatlas for Norge: Vegetasjon, 2nd edn. Statens Kartverk, Hønefoss
Myhra KS, Westermann S, Etzelmüller B (2017) Modelled distribution and temporal evolution of permafrost in steep rock walls along a latitudinal transect in Norway by CryoGrid 2D. Permafrost Periglac 28:172–182
Nesje A (1993) Neoglacial gelifluction in the Jostedalsbreen region, western Norway: evidence from dated buried soils. In: Frenzel B (ed) Solifluction and climatic variations in the Holocene. Fischer, Paläoklimaforschung 11, Stuttgart, pp 37–47
Nesje A (2009) Late Pleistocene and Holocene alpine glacier fluctuation in Scandinavia. Quaternary Sci Rev 28:2119–2136
Nesje A, Dahl SO (1990) Autochthonous block fields in southern Norway: implications for the geometry, thickness, and isostatic loading of the Late Weichselian Scandinavian ice sheet. J Quaternary Sci 5:225–234
Nesje A, Dahl SO (2003) The ‘Little Ice Age’—only temperature? Holocene 13:139–145
Nesje A, Whillans IM (1994) Erosion of Sognefjord, Norway. Geomorphology 9:33–45
Nesje A, Dahl SO. Anda E, Rye N (1988) Block fields in southern Norway: significance for the Late Weichselian ice sheet. Norsk Geol Tidsskri 68:149–169
Nesje A, Dahl SO, Valen V, Ovstedal J (1992) Quaternary erosion in the Sognefjord drainage basin, western Norway. Geomorphology 5:511–520
Nesje A, McCarroll D, Dahl SO (1994) Degree of rock surface weathering as an indicator of ice-sheet thickness along an east-west transect across southern Norway. J Quaternary Sci 9:337–347
Nesje A, Bakke J, Dahl SO, Lie Ø, Matthews JA (2008a) Norwegian mountain glaciers in the past, present and future. Global Planet Change 60:10–27
Nesje A, Dahl SO, Thun T, Nordli Ø (2008b) The “Little Ice Age” glacial expansion in western Scandinavia: summer temperature or winter precipitation? Clim Dynam 30:789–801
Nordli PØ, Lie Ø, Nesje A, Dahl SO (2003) Spring-summer temperature in western Norway 1734–2003: a data-synthesis approach. Int J Climatol 23:182–1841
Nordli PØ, Lie Ø, Nesje A, Benestad R (2005) Glacier mass balance in southern Norway modelled by circulation indices and spring-summer temperature AD 1781–2000. Geogr Ann A 87:431–445
Ødegård RS, Sollid JL, Liestøl O (1987) Juvflya – Kvartærgeologi og geomorfologi M 1:10.000. Geografisk Institutt, Universitetet I Oslo, Oslo
Ødegård RS, Sollid JL, Liestøl O (1988) Periglacial forms related to terrain parameters in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. In: Senneset K (ed) 5th international conference on permafrost proceedings, vol 3. Tapir, Trondheim, pp 59–61
Ødegård RS, Sollid JL, Liestøl O (1992) Ground temperature measurements in mountain permafrost, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Permafrost Periglac 3:231–234
Ødegård RS, Hoelzle M, Johansen KV, Sollid JL (1996) Permafrost mapping and prospecting in southern Norway. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 50:41–53
Ødegård RS, Isaksen K, Mastervik M, Billdal L, Engler M, Sollid JL (1999) Comparison of BTS and Landsat TM data from Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 53:226–233
Østrem G (1961) Breer og morener i Jotunheimen. Norsk Geogr Tidsskr 17:210–243
Østrem G (1963) Comparative crystallographic studies on ice from ice-cored moraines, snow-banks and glaciers. Geogr Ann 45:210–240
Østrem G (1964) Ice-cored moraines in Scandinavia. Geogr Ann 46:282–337
Østrem G (1965) Problems of dating ice-cored moraines. Geogr Ann 47:1–38
Østrem G (1971) Rock glaciers and ice cored moraines, a reply to D. Barsch. Geogr Ann 53 A:207–213
Østrem G, Dale Selvig K, Tandberg K (1988) Atlas over breer i Sør-Norge. NVE, Oslo, Meddelelser fra Hydrologisk Avdeling 61
Owen G, Matthews JA, Shakesby RA, He X (2006) Snow-avalanche impact landforms, deposits and effects at Urdvatnat, southern Norway: implications for avalanche style and process. Geogr Ann A 88:295–307
Øyen PA (1893) Isbræstudier i Jotunheimen. Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskabere 31:26–27
Patton H, Hubbard A, Andreassen K, Winsborrow M, Stroeven AP (2016) The build-up, configuration, and dynamical sensitivity of the Eurasian ice-sheet complex to Late Weichselian climatic and oceanic forcing. Quaternary Sci Rev 153:97–121
Patton H, Hubbard A, Andreassen K, Auriac A, Whitehouse PL, Stroeven AP, Shackleton C, Winsborrow M, Heyman J, Hall AM (2017) Deglaciation of the Eurasian ice sheet complex. Quaternary Sci Rev 169:148–172
Rapp A (1959) Avalanche boulder tongues in Lappland. Geogr Ann 41:34–48
Rasmussen LA, Andreassen LM, Baumann S, Conway H (2010) ‘Little Ice Age’ precipitation in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Holocene 20:1039–1045
Rea BR (2013) Blockfields (Felsenmeer). In: Elias SA, Mock CJ (eds) Encyclopedia of Quaternary science, vol 3, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 523–534
Reusch H (1901) Nogle bidrag till forstaaelsen af hvorledes Norges dale og fjelde er blevne til. Norg Geol Unders 32 (Aarbog 1900):124–263
Rixhon G, Demoulin A (2013) Evolution of slopes in a cold climate. In: Shroder J, Giardino R, Harbor J (eds) Treatise on geomorphology, vol 8. Glacial and periglacial geomorphology. San Diego Academic Press, San Dieogo, pp 392–415
Roberts D, Gee DG (1985) An introduction to the structure of the Scandinavian Caledonides. In: Gee DG, Sturt BA (eds) The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and related areas, vol 1. Wiley, Chichester, pp 55–68
Rudberg S (1988) Gross morphology of Scandinavia—six complementary ways of explanation. Geogr Ann A 70:135–167
Shakesby RA (1997) Pronival (protalus) ramparts: a review of forms, processes, diagnostic criteria and palaeoenvironment implications. Prog Phys Geog 21:394–418
Shakesby RA, Dawson AG, Matthews JA (1987) Rock glaciers, protalus ramparts and related phenomena, Rondane, Norway: a continuum of large-scale talus derived landforms. Boreas 16:305–317
Shakesby RA, Matthews JA, Winkler S (2004) Glacier variations in Breheimen, southern Norway: relative-age dating of Holocene moraine complexes at six high-altitude glaciers. Holocene 14:899–910
Sigmond EMO, Gustavson M, Roberts D (1984) Berggrunnskart over Norge 1:1 milion. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse, Trondheim
Sollid JL, Reite JA (1983) The last glaciation and deglaciation of Central Norway. In: Ehlers J (ed) Glacial deposits of North-West Europe. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 41–59
Sollid JL, Trollvik JA (1991) Oppland fylke, kvartærgeologi og geomorfologi 1:250.000. Universitetet I Oslo, Institutt for naturgeografi, Oslo
Steiger C, Etzelmüller B, Westermann S, Myhra KS (2016) Modelling the permafrost distribution in steep rock walls in Norway. Norw J Geol 96:1–13
Stroeven AP, Hättestrand C, Kleman J, Heyman J, Fabel D, Fredin O, Goodfellow BW, Harbor JM, Jansen JD, Olsen L, Caffee MW, Fink D, Lundqvist J, Rosqvist GC, Strömberg B, Jansson KN (2016) Deglaciation of Fennoscandia. Quaternary Sci Rev 147:91–121
Tollan A (1963) Trekk av isbevegelsen og isavsmeltningen i Nordre Gudbrandsdalens fjelltrakter. Nor Geol Unders 223:328–345
Velle G, Bjune AE, Larsen J, Birks HJB (2010) Holocene climate and environmental history of Brurskardstjørni, a lake in the catchment of Øvre Heimdalsvatnet, south-central Norway. Hydrobiologia 642:13–34
Vere DM, Matthews JA (1985) Rock glacier formation from a lateral moraine at Bukkeholsbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway: a sedimentological approach. Z Geomorphol 29:397–415
Washburn AL (1956) Classification of patterned ground and review of suggested origins. Geol Soc Am Bull 67:823–865
Washburn AL (1979) Geocryology, 2nd edn. Arnold, London
Warburton J (2013) Patterned ground and polygons. In: Giordano JR, Harbour JM (eds) Treatise on geomorphology, vol 8. Glacial and periglacial geomorphology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 298–312
Winkler S (1996) Frührezente und rezente Gletscherstandsschwankungen in Ostalpen und West-/Zentralnorwegen. University of Trier, Trierer Geographische Studien 15, Trier
Winkler S (2001) Untersuchungen zur Klima- und Morphodynamik in skandinavischen Gebirgsregionen während des Holozän - ein Vergleich ihrer Wechselwirkungen und Prozeßsysteme im überregionalen Kontext kaltgemäßigter maritimer Gebirgsregionen. Habilitation thesis (unpublished), University of Trier, Trier
Winkler S (2002) Von der “Kleinen Eiszeit” zum “globalen Gletscherrückzug” - eignen sich Gletscher als Klimazeugen? Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse 3
Winkler S, Matthews JA (2010) Observations on terminal moraine-ridge formation during recent advances of southern Norwegian glaciers. Geomorphology 116:87–106
Winkler S, Matthews JA (2014) Comparison of electronic and mechanical Schmidt hammers in the context of exposure-age dating: are Q- and R-values interconvertible? Earth Surf Proc Land 39:1128–1136
Winkler S, Matthews JA, Mourne RW, Wilson P (2016) Schmidt-hammer exposure ages from periglacial patterned ground (sorted circles) in Jotunheimen, Norway, and their interpretative problems. Geogr Ann A 98:265–285
Worsley P (1993) Holocene solifluction at Okstindan, northern Norway: a reassessment. In: Frenzel B (ed) Solifluction and climatic variations in the Holocene. Fischer, Paläoklimaforschung 11, Stuttgart, pp 49–57
www.høydedata.no—open portal of Kartverket/www.kartverket.no. Last accessed 23 Dec 2018
www.met.no—open portal of Meteorologisk insitutt/www.met.no. Last accessed 19 Dec 2018
www.norgeibilder.no—open portal of Kartverket/www.kartverket.no. Last accessed 23 Dec 2018
www.senorge.no—open portal in collaboration between Norges Vassdrags- og Energidirektoratet/www.nve.no, Meteorologisk institutt/www.met.no, and Kartverket/www.kartverket.no. Last accessed 11 Dec 2018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Winkler, S., Donner, A., Tintrup gen. Suntrup, A. (2021). Periglacial Landforms in Jotunheimen, Central Southern Norway, and Their Altitudinal Distribution. In: Beylich, A.A. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Norway. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52563-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52563-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52562-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52563-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)