Skip to main content

Boarding of Psychiatric Patients in the Emergency Department

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Behavioral Emergencies for Healthcare Providers
  • 753 Accesses

Abstract

Since the peak of state-run mental health hospitals in 1955, which reached 344 beds per 100,000 population, there has been a steady decline. In 2014, the number was 11.7, with 5.4 beds filled with forensic patients [1]. As these public hospitals have declined in beds, patients have moved into the community. At first, this deinstitutionalization was thought to be preferable, but this change brought with it a rise in the mentally ill found in jails, prisons, or warehoused in emergency departments (ED) awaiting psychiatric hospitalization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Beyond beds: the vital role of a Full Continuum of Psychiatric Care. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. 2017 Oct. Available at http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/beyond-beds.pdf. Accessed on 25 Mar 2020.

  2. APA official actions: position statement on emergency boarding of patients with acute mental illness. 2016 July. Available at: https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/About-APA/Organization-Documents-Policies/Policies/Position-2016-Emergency-Department-Boarding-of-Patients-with-Acute-Mental-Illness.pdf, Accessed on 25 Mar 2020.

  3. Nordstrom K, Berlin JS, Nash SS, Shah SB, et al. Boarding of mentally ill patients in emergency departments: American Psychiatric Association Resource Document. West J Emerg Med. 2019;20(5):690–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Manual A, Longer AMN, Seal UG. The patient flow standard and the 4-hour recommendation. Jt Comm Perspect. 2013;33(6):1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Corbett B, Nordstrom K, Vilke G, Wilson MP. Psychiatric emergencies for clinicians: Emergency department diagnosis and management of steroid psychosis. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(5):557–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lasoff D, Vilke G, Nordstrom K, Wilson MP. Psychiatric emergencies for clinicians: Detection and management of Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor encephalitis. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(5):561–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Nordstrom K, Vilke GM, Wilson MP. Psychiatric emergencies for clinicians: The ED management of serotonin syndrome. J Emerg Med. 2016;50(1):89–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sharp CS, Wilson MP, Nordstrom K. Psychiatric emergencies for clinicians: The ED management of thyroid storm. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(2):155–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wilson MP, Vilke GM, Hayden SR, Nordstrom K. Psychiatric emergencies for clinicians: the ED management of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Emerg Med. 2016;51(1):66–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hirschfeld RM, Baker JD, Wozniak P, et al. The safety and early efficacy of oral-loaded divalproex versus standard-titration divalproex, lithium, olanzapine, and placebo in the treatment of acute mania associated with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(7):841–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tamayo JM, Zarate CA, Vieta E, et al. Level of response and safety of pharmacological monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I disorder phases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(6):813–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Warden D, Madhukar H, Trivedi MD, et al. Early adverse events and attrition in SSRI treatment: a suicide assessment methodology study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(3):259–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR, et al. Effectiveness of adjunctive antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(17):1711–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Lewis J, Winokur G. The induction of mania: a natural history study with controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39(3):303–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Richmond JS, Berlin JS, Fishkind AB, et al. Verbal de-escalation of the agitated patient: consensus statement of the American Association for Emergency Psychiatry Project BETA De-Escalation Workgroup. West J Emerg Med. 2012;13(1):17–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Wilson MP, Moutier C, Wolf L, Nordstrom K, et al. Emergency department recommendations for suicide prevention in adults: the ICAR2E mnemonic and a systematic review of the literature. Am J Emerg Med. 2019;37:2246; [Epub ahead of print]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.06.031.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Leon AC, Solomon DA, Li C, et al. Antidepressants and risks of suicide and suicide attempts: a 27-year observational study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(5):580–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Nordstrom, K. (2021). Boarding of Psychiatric Patients in the Emergency Department. In: Zun, L.S., Nordstrom, K., Wilson, M.P. (eds) Behavioral Emergencies for Healthcare Providers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52520-0_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52520-0_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52519-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-52520-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics