How to Perform an Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) Examination in a Child. Methodology and Technical Considerations

Abstract

The technique for an intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasound examination for an adult patient is well established, and the methodology and technique for the paediatric patient are similar but with some important differences. The essential aspects for both an intravenous examination and the intracavitary examination for contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography is parental consent and confidence of the technique, with the cooperation of the child. The important aspects for the examination include an indication for the study, the type and dose of the contrast agent, the technique for the specific contrast examination, the ultrasound machine and the software availability. The operator should have the appropriate training in the technique of ultrasound contrast examinations and should attain a level of competence in the technique. The possibility of a contrast reaction should necessitate the availability of resuscitation equipment, individual examiner resuscitation competence and access to the relevant trained expertise to manage any reaction to the contrast agent. A detailed clinical report of the findings is essential.