Introduction
Canada is a large (9,984,670 sq. km) country with a population of approximately 34.5 million that includes 633 recognized First Nations; each of these aboriginal groups is distinctive with their specific cultural practices, language, and priorities. (Names are a problem and, in the case of Canadian Aboriginal people, have changed with the times. Although the Indian Act remains in force in Canada, the term “Indian” is widely disfavored by those whom the term is used to describe. “Native” (but not “Native Canadian”) and “Aboriginal” are occasionally used in self-reference, but “First Nations” and “First Peoples” are more commonly accepted at present. As there is no universally accepted term or definition, these four terms are used interchangeably in this entry.) The present relationship between cultural heritage management (of which archaeology constitutes a major component, and is the main focus here) and First Nations in Canada is multifaceted. It is useful to review the...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Canada. Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND). 1969. Statement of the government on Indian policy. Ottawa.
Canadian Archaeological Association. 1997. Canadian archaeological association: Statement of principles for ethical conduct pertaining to Aboriginal peoples. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 21: 5–6.
Dunn, M. 1991. My grandfather is not an artifact: A report on the aboriginal archaeological heritage symposium, February 17–18 1991, Hull, Québec. Report submitted to Department of Communication, Ottawa.
Ferris, N. 2003. Between colonial and indigenous archaeologies: Legal and extra-legal ownership of the archaeological past in North America. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 27: 154–178.
Goebel, T., M.R. Waters, and D.H. O’Rourke. 2008. The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas. Science 319: 1497–1502.
Grier, C., and L. Shaver. 2008. The role of archaeologists and first nations in sorting out some very old problems in British Columbia, Canada. The SAA Archaeological Record 8: 33–35.
Hanna, M. 2005. The changing legal and ethical context of archaeological practice in Canada, with special reference to the repatriation of human remains. Journal of Museum Ethnography 17: 141–151.
Harrison, J., B.G. Trigger, and M. Ames. 1988. Museums and politics: The spirit sings and the Lubicon boycott. Muse 6: 12–16.
Hill, T., and T. Nicks. 1992. Turning the page: Forging new partnerships between museums and first peoples. Task force report on museums and first peoples assembly of first nations and the Canadian Museums Association, Ottawa.
Holm, M., and D. Pokotylo. 1997. From policy to practice: A case study in collaborative exhibits with first nations. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 21: 33–43.
McGhee, R. 1989. Who owns prehistory? The Bering Land Bridge dilemma. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 13: 13–20.
Nisga’a Nation, British Columbia & Canada. 2000. Nisga’a final agreement. Electronic document. Available at: http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100031252. Accessed 20 Jan 2012.
Nicholas, G.P. 2006. Decolonizing the archaeological landscape: The practice and politics of archaeology in British Columbia. American Indian Quarterly 30: 350–380.
Nicholas, G.P. 2009. Policies and protocols for archaeological sites and associated cultural and intellectual property. In Protection of first nations cultural heritage, ed. C. Bell and R.K. Paterson, 203–220. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Nicholas, G.P. 2010. Seeking the end of indigenous archaeology. In Bridging the divide: Indigenous communities and archaeology into the 21st century, ed. C. Philips and H. Allen, 233–252. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Pokotylo, D., and A.R. Mason. 2010. Archaeological heritage resource protection in Canada: The legislative basis. In Cultural heritage management, policies, and issues in global perspective, ed. G. Smith and P. Messenger, 48–69. Gainsville: University Press of Florida.
Rowley, S., and K. Hauser. 2008. The journey home: A case study in proactive repatriation. In Utimut: Past heritage – Future partnerships: Discussions on repatriation in the 21st century, ed. M. Gabriel and J. Dahl, 202–212. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Rowley, S., D. Schaepe, L. Sparrow, A. Sanborn, U. Radermacher, R. Wallace, N. Jakobsen, H. Turner, S. Sadofsky, and T. Gofman. 2010. Building an on-line research community: The reciprocal research network. Available at: http://www.museumsandtheweb.com/mw2010/papers/rowley/rowley.html. Accessed on 29 Dec 2011.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. 1996. Report of the royal commission on aboriginal peoples, volumes 1, 2, and 3. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.
Yellowhorn, E. 2002. Awakening internalist archaeology in the Aboriginal world. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal.
Further Reading
Ames, M.M. 2003. How to decorate a house: The renegotiation of cultural representations at the University of British Columbia Museum of Anthropology. In Museums and source communities, ed. L. Peers and A.K. Brown, 171–180. New York: Routledge.
Bell, C. 1992. Aboriginal claims to cultural property in Canada: A comparative legal analysis of the repatriation debate. American Indian Law Review 17: 457–521.
Budhwa, R. 2005. An alternate model for first nations involvement in resource management archaeology. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 29: 20–45.
Burley, D.V. 1994. A never ending story: Historical developments in Canadian archaeology. The quest for federal heritage legislation. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 18: 77–98.
Cole, D. 1985. Captured heritage: The scramble for northwest coast artifacts. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
De Paoli, M.L. 1999. Beyond tokenism: Aboriginal involvement in archaeological resource management in British Columbia. Unpublished MA dissertation, School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia.
Ferris, N. 2000. Current issues in the governance of archaeology in Canada. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 24: 164–170.
Government of Canada. 2011. Aboriginal consultation and accommodation: Updated guidelines for federal officials to fulfill the duty to consult. Ottawa: Minister of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.
Herle, A. 1994. Museums and first peoples in Canada. Journal of Museum Ethnography 6: 39–64.
Klimko, O., and M. Wright. 2000. Old rocks and hard places: Archaeology and land claims/treaty in British Columbia, Canada. In Native title and the transformation of archaeology in the postcolonial world, Oceania Monograph, ed. I. Lilley, vol. 50, 88–98. Sydney: University of Sydney Press.
Lee, E. 2002. Archaeology and the public cultural conscience in Canada: The federal story. Revista de Arqueologia Americana (Journal of American Archaeology) 21: 45–51.
McLay, E., K. Bannister, L. Joe, B. Thom, and G. Nicholas. 2008. ‘A’lhut ti test Sul’hweenst (Respecting the ancestors): Understanding Hul’qumi’num heritage laws and concerns for the protection of heritage. In First nations cultural heritage and law, ed. C. Bell and V. Napoleon, 150–202. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Nicholas, G., and T. Andrews, eds. 1997. At a crossroads: Archaeology and first peoples in Canada. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University Archaeology Press.
Nicholson, B., D. Pokotylo, and R. Williamson, ed. 1996. Statement of principles for ethical conduct pertaining to Aboriginal peoples: A report from the Aboriginal Heritage Committee. Canadian Archaeological Association.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the following individuals for providing their observations and reflections on the topic of cultural heritage management and First Nations in Canada: William Moss, Susan Rowley, Bruce Stewart, and Ron Williamson.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Pokotylo, D., Mason, A.R. (2020). Canada: Cultural Heritage Management and First Nations. In: Smith, C. (eds) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1147
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30018-0_1147
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-30016-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-30018-0
eBook Packages: HistoryReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Humanities