Abstract
Following the announcement of vast petroleum resources in the Arctic waters, politicians and commentators called for the adoption of an Arctic treaty establishing a harmonised approach to developing petroleum resources in the fragile and harsh circumpolar environment. Five Arctic Ocean coastal States (Canada, Greenland/Denmark, Norway, Russian Federation, and the United States) have all either expressed interest in developing or are already producing Arctic offshore resources. While some of these States have an established history of offshore petroleum development, the development in the Arctic waters presents a unique set of challenges requiring additional regulation. In addition to the general petroleum legal regime, each of these four States has developed some Arctic-specific regulations to establish more stringent safety and environmental rules compared to more conventional locations. The chapter identifies such Arctic-specific rules and provides a comparative analysis of safety and environmental rules developed specifically for the Arctic.
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Notes
- 1.
Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) States have a duty to protect and preserve the marine environment (art. 193); and to take measures to minimize pollution , including that from offshore petroleum installations (art. 194(3)).
- 2.
The US historically used the prescriptive system, only recently adopting more performance-based regulation. See Sect. 13.4.2.
- 3.
E.g., Canada Oil and Gas Drilling and Production Regulations SOR/2009–315; Canada Oil and Gas Certificate of Fitness Regulations SOR/96–114; Canada Oil and Gas Geophysical Operations Regulations SOR/96–117; Canada Oil and Gas Installations Regulations SOR/96–118; Canada Oil and Gas Diving Regulations SOR/99–60; Canada Oil and Gas Spills and Debris Liability Regulations SOR/87–331; Canada Oil and Gas Operations Regulations SOR/83–149.
- 4.
Regulations Relating to Health, Safety and the Environment in the Petroleum Activities and at Certain Onshore Facilities (12 February 2010); Regulations Relating to Management and the Duty to Provide Information in the Petroleum Activities and at Certain Onshore Facilities (29 April 2010); Regulations Relating to Design And Outfitting of Facilities, etc. in the Petroleum Activities (29 April 2010); Regulation Relating to Conducting Petroleum Activities (29 April 2010).
- 5.
For detailed examination of Greenland’s environmental petroleum regulation see Mosbech et al. 2017.
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Shapovalova, D. (2020). Special Rules for the Arctic? The Analysis of Arctic-Specific Safety and Environmental Regulation of Offshore Petroleum Development in the Arctic Ocean States. In: Pongrácz, E., Pavlov, V., Hänninen, N. (eds) Arctic Marine Sustainability. Springer Polar Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28404-6_13
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