Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mental Health of Quarantine and Isolation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Psychiatry of Pandemics

Abstract

Isolating exposed individuals from the unexposed ones is a crucial measure in breaking up a chain of infection. All forms of separation and isolation, however, tend to impose an emotional toll on those affected by isolation and to complicate the management of preexisting mental health issues. Logistical obstacles and limitations and the fact that psychological well-being and psychological needs of those placed in isolation and quarantine differ from psychological needs of the general population require an adjustment in approach to the mental health care of this population. This chapter provides a review of the psychiatric approach to major diagnostic entities that may require special attention during the isolation and quarantine. It also discusses the unique features of some populations, such as children, adolescents, pregnant women, postpartum patients, and patients with cognitive disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sokolova A, et al. Resident poster at Nassau University Medical Center; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Johal SS. Psychosocial impacts of quarantine during disease outbreaks and interventions that may help to relieve strain. N Z Med J. 2009;122(1296):47–52. Review.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kim H-C, Yoo S-Y, Lee B-H, Lee SH, Shin H-S. Psychiatric findings in suspected and confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome patients quarantined in hospital: a retrospective chart analysis. Psychiatry Investig. 2018;15(4):355–60. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2017.10.25.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Maldonado JR. Acute brain failure: pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and sequelae of delirium. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(3):461–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.013. Review. PubMed PMID: 28601132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chertow DS, et al. Ebola virus disease in West Africa—Clinical manifestations and management. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(22, Massachusetts Medical Society):2054–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1413084.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Fong TG, Tulebaev SR, Inouye SK. Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(4):210–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. van Gool WA, van de Beek D, Eikelenboom P. Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide. Lancet. 2010; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61158-2.

  8. Adamis D, Treloar A, Martin FC, Macdonald AJD. A brief review of the history of delirium as a mental disorder. Hist Psychiatry. 2007;18(4):459–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154X07076467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Munjal S, Ferrando SJ, Freyberg Z. Neuropsychiatric aspects of infectious diseases: an update. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(3):681–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2017.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Van Rompaey B, Elseviers MM, Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-Baggett LM, Truijen S, Bossaert L. Risk factors for delirium in intensive care patients: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R77. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc7892. Epub 2009 May 20. PubMed PMID: 19457226; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2717440.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Meijer WJ, Linn FHH, Wensing AMJ, Leavis HL, van Riel D, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Wattjes MP, Murk J-L. Acute influenza virus-associated encephalitis and encephalopathy in adults: a challenging diagnosis. JMM Case Rep. 2016;3(6):e005076. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmmcr.0.005076the.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Crawford N, Defres S. FS043V3 measles infection and encephalitis, The Encephalitis Society leaflet. Date created: May 2006; Last updated: February 2017. https://www.encephalitis.info/measles-infection-and-encephalitis

  13. Bhattacharyya S, Ryan Darby R, Raibagkar P, Nicolas Gonzalez Castro L, Berkowitz AL. Antibiotic-associated encephalopathy. Neurology Mar. 2016;86(10):963–71. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Asselman V, Thienemann F, Pepper DJ, Boulle A, Wilkinson RJ, Meintjes G, Marais S. Central nervous system disorders after starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS (London, England). 2010;24(18). https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328340fe76.

  15. Gatch MB, Kozlenkov A, Huang R-Q, Yang W, Nguyen JD, González-Maeso J, Rice KC, France CP, Dillon GH, Forster MJ, Schetz JA. The HIV antiretroviral drug efavirenz has LSD-like properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(12):2373–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. ‘No Turning Back’: teens abuse HIV drugs, By JIM SCIUTTO, DURBAN, South Africa, April 6, 2009. ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Health/MindMoodNews/story?id=7227982&page=1. Accessed July 2018.

  17. Teale EA, Siddiqi N, Clegg A, Todd OM, Young J. Non-pharmacological interventions for managing delirium in hospitalised patients (Protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(4):CD005995. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005995.pub2.

  18. Choy SW, Yeoh AC, Lee ZZ, Srikanth V, Moran C. Melatonin and the prevention and management of delirium: a scoping study. Front Med. 2017;4:242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Joseph SG. Melatonin supplementation for the prevention of hospital-associated delirium. Ment Health Clin. 2017;7(4):143–6. https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2017.07.143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Trzepacz P, Breitbart CW, Franklin J, Levenson J, Martini DR, Wang P. American Psychiatric Association: practice guideline for the treatment of patients with delirium. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(5 suppl):1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Watkins CC, Treisman GJ. Cognitive impairment in patients with AIDS – prevalence and severity. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ). 2015;7:35–47. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S39665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gagnon DJ, Fontaine GV, Smith KE, Riker RR, Miller RR 3rd, Lerwick PA, Lucas FL, Dziodzio JT, Sihler KC, Fraser GL. Valproate for agitation in critically ill patients: A retrospective study. J Crit Care. 2017;37:119–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.006. Epub 2016 Sep 11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kikuchi N, Hazama K, Imai T, Suzuki S, Yoshida Y, Hidaka S. Assessment of the relationship between hypnotics and delirium using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2018;138(7):985–90. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.17-00221. Japanese.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sachdeva A, Choudhary M, Chandra M. Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: benzodiazepines and beyond. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(9):VE01–7. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/13407.6538. Epub 2015 Sep 1. Review. PubMed PMID: 26500991; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4606320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Pasin L, Landoni G, Nardelli P, Belletti A, Di Prima AL, Taddeo D, Isella F, Zangrillo A. Dexmedetomidine reduces the risk of delirium, agitation and confusion in critically Ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;28(6):1459–66. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2014.03.010. Epub 2014 Jul 14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Abad C, Fearday A, Safdar N. Adverse effects of isolation in hospitalized patients: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76(2):97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.04.027. Review.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hawryluck L, Gold WL, Robinson S, Pogorski S, Galea S, Styra R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(7):1206–12. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030703.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Day HR, Perencevich EN, Harris AD, Gruber-Baldini AL, Himelhoch SS, Brown CH, Morgan DJ. Depression, anxiety, and moods of hospitalized patients under contact precautions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34(3):251–8. https://doi.org/10.1086/669526. Epub 2013 Jan 23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Catalano G, Houston SH, Catalano MC, Butera AS, Jennings SM, Hakala SM, Burrows SL, Hickey MG, Duss CV, Skelton DN, Laliotis GJ. Anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients in resistant organism isolation. South Med J. 2003;96(2):141–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000050683.36014.2e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jiang YN, Zhou W, Zhao XH, Hong X, Wei J. Post-traumatic stress disorder in convalescent patients of severe acute respiratory syndrome: (1)H-MRS study. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2013;93(5):366–9. Chinese.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Luyt CE, Combes A, Becquemin MH, Beigelman-Aubry C, Hatem S, Brun AL, Zraik N, Carrat F, Grenier PA, Richard JM, Mercat A, Brochard L, Brun-Buisson C, Chastre J, REVA Study Group. Long-term outcomes of pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1)-associated severe ARDS. Chest. 2012;142(3):583–92. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-2196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Smith CL, Hughes SM, Karwowski MP, Chevalier MS, Hall E, Joyner SN, Ritch J, Smith JC, Weil LM, Chung WM, Schrag S, Santibañez S. Addressing needs of contacts of Ebola patients during an investigation of an Ebola cluster in the United States — Dallas, Texas, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(5):121–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Vozoris NT. Do benzodiazepines contribute to respiratory problems? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8(6):661–3. https://doi.org/10.1586/17476348.2014.957186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nic Dhonnchadha BA, Hascoët M, Jolliet P, Bourin M. Evidence for a 5-HT2A receptor mode of action in the anxiolytic-like properties of DOI in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2003;147(1–2):175–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Beck AT. Thinking and depression I. idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1963;9(4):324–33. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Rnic K, Dozois DJA, Martin RA. Cognitive distortions, humor styles, and depression. Eur J Psychol. 2016;12(3):348–62. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1118.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Yilmaz A, Dedeli O. Assessment of anxiety, depression, loneliness and stigmatization in patients with tuberculosis. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. 2016;29(5):549–57. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201600076.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Koyanagi A, Vancampfort D, Carvalho AF, DeVylder JE, Haro JM, Pizzol D, Veronese N, Stubbs B. Depression comorbid with tuberculosis and its impact on health status: cross-sectional analysis of community-based data from 48 low- and middle-income countries. BMC Med. 2017;15:209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0975-5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Nita Bhalla, Isolation, depression hounds tuberculosis patients as virulently as the disease Thomson Reuters Foundation, Catholic Online (https://www.catholic.org). 2015 Mar 25. https://www.catholic.org/news/international/asia/story.php?id=59279

  40. Anttila SA, Leinonen EV. A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine. CNS Drug Rev. 2001;7(3):249–64. Review. PubMed PMID: 11607047.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Livingston RL, Zucker DK, Isenberg K, Wetzel RD. Tricyclic antidepressants and delirium. J Clin Psychiatry. 1983;44(5):173–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fornaro M, Prestia D, Colicchio S, Perugi G. A systematic, updated review on the antidepressant agomelatine focusing on its melatonergic modulation. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2010;8(3):287–304. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015910792246227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Treatment for stimulant use disorders. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 1999. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 33.) Chapter 5—Medical Aspects of Stimulant Use Disorders. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64323/

  44. Moreira JM, da Matta SM, Kummer AM e, Barbosa IG, Teixeira AL, Silva ACS e. Neuropsychiatric disorders and renal diseases: an update. Braz J Nephrol. 2014;36(3):396–400. https://doi.org/10.5935/0101-2800.20140056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Wyszynski A, Wyszynski B. Manual of psychiatric care for the medically Ill. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2005. Appendix 12: Guidelines for Adult Psychotropic Dosing in Renal Failure.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lerma EV. Renal toxicity of lithium, UpToDate. 2018 June. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/renal-toxicity-of-lithium

  47. Fenves AZ, Emmett M, White MG. Lithium intoxication associated with acute renal failure. South Med J. 1984;77(11):1472–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Revol R, Rault C, Polard E, Bellet F, Guy C. Hyponatremia associated with SSRI/NRSI: Descriptive and comparative epidemiological study of the incidence rates of the notified cases from the data of the French National Pharmacovigilance Database and the French National Health Insurance. Encéphale. 2018;44(3):291–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2017.09.003. Epub 2017 Dec 14. French.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sepehripour AH, Eckersley M, Jiskani A, Casula R, Athanasiou T. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use and outcomes following cardiac surgery-a systematic review. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(2):1112–20. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2018.01.69. Review. PubMed PMID: 29607188; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5864618.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Karkow DC, Kauer JF, Ernst EJ. Incidence of serotonin syndrome with combined use of linezolid and serotonin reuptake inhibitors compared with linezolid monotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(5):518–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000751.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. DiMartini A. Isoniazid, tricyclics and the “cheese reaction”. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;10(3):197–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Raaska K, Neuvonen PJ. Ciprofloxacin increases serum clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine: a study in patients with schizophrenia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56(8):585–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Horn JR, Hansten PD. Get to know an enzyme: CYP1A2. Pharmacy Times. 2007 Nov. https://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2007/2007-11/2007-11-8279. Accessed July 2018.

  54. Cohen LG, Chesley S, Eugenio L, Flood JG, Fisch J, Goff DC. Erythromycin-induced clozapine toxic reaction. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(6):675–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Herrington JD. Common medications classified as weak, moderate and strong inhibitors of CYP3A4. Evidence-Based Medicine Consult. 2015 Oct. https://www.ebmconsult.com/articles/medications-inhibitors-cyp3a4-enzyme

  56. Spina E, De Leon J. Metabolic drug interactions with newer antipsychotics: a comparative review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;100:4–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00017.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Manasco A, Chang S, Larriviere J, Hamm LL, Glass M. Alcohol withdrawal. South Med J. 2012;105(11):607–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31826efb2d. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Busto UE, Sykora K, Sellers EM. A clinical scale to assess benzodiazepine withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989;9(6):412–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Umbricht A, Hoover DR, Tucker MJ, Leslie JM, Chaisson RE, Preston KL. Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine, or methadone in hospitalized heroin-dependent patients with HIV infection. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69(3):263–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Walker T. Giving addicts their drug of choice: the problem of consent. Bioethics. 2008;22(6):314–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00647.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Rubak S, Sandbæk A, Lauritzen T, Christensen B. Motivational interviewing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2005;55(513):305–12.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Virtual AA meetings—A new frontier or an international Clubhouse? Alcoholics anonymous, Central European Region. 2013 Sept. https://alcoholics-anonymous.eu/virtual-aa-meetings-a-new-frontier-or-an-international-clubhouse/. Accessed July 2018.

  63. Lum HD, Mody L, Levy CR, Ginde AA. Pandemic influenza plans in residential care facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(7):1310–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12879. Epub 2014 May 22. PubMed PMID: 24852422; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4107066.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Vyas A, Ingleton A, Huhtinen E, Hope K, Najjar Z, Gupta L. Influenza outbreak preparedness: lessons from outbreaks in residential care facilities in 2014. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2015;39(2):E204–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fick DM, Agostini JV, Inouye SK. Delirium superimposed on dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:1723–32. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50468.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Liptzin B, Laki A, Garb JL, Fingeroth R, Krushell R. Donepezil in the prevention and treatment of post-surgical delirium. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13(12):1100–6, ISSN 1064-7481. https://doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200512000-00010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Witter D, McCord M, Suryadevara U. Delirium associated with memantine use in a patient with vascular dementia. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(6):736–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000000420.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Moellentin D, Picone C, Leadbetter E. Memantine-induced myoclonus and delirium exacerbated by trimethoprim. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(3):443–7. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1K619.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. DiGiovanni C, Conley J, Chiu D, Zaborski J. Factors influencing compliance with quarantine in Toronto during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Biosecur Bioterror. 2004;2(4):265–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Natamba BK, Achan J, Arbach A, Oyok TO, Ghosh S, Mehta S, Stoltzfus RJ, Griffiths JK, Young SL. Reliability and validity of the center for epidemiologic studies-depression scale in screening for depression among HIV-infected and -uninfected pregnant women attending antenatal services in northern Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0303-y. PubMed PMID: 25416286; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4260190.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA

    Damir Huremović

Authors
  1. Damir Huremović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Damir Huremović .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA

    Damir Huremović

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Huremović, D. (2019). Mental Health of Quarantine and Isolation. In: Huremović, D. (eds) Psychiatry of Pandemics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15345-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15346-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation