Skip to main content

Vitamin D and Breast Cancer

  • Chapter
Vitamin D

Abstract

During the last 15 years, it has become evident that the biologically most active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], exerts effects on a variety of tissues apparently unrelated to calcium homeostasis. 1, 25(OH)2D3 has been shown to promote cellular differentiation and inhibit proliferation of hematopoietic cells, cancer cells, and keratinocytes. In addition, studies with animal models for cancer have shown that 1,25 (OH)2D3 administration can prolong the survival of leukemic mice and suppress the growth of tumors of different origin, including breast, colon, skin, and lung (1, 2).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Reichel H, Koeffler HP, Norman AW. The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 980–991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Walters MR. Newly identified actions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr Rev 1992; 13: 719–764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bikle DD. Clinical counterpoint: vitamin D: new actions, new analogs, new therapeutic potential. Endocr Rev 1992; 13: 765–784.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pols HAP, Birkenhäger JC, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D analogues: from molecule to clinical application. Clin Endocrinol 1994; 40: 285–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bouillon R, Okamura WH, Norman AW. Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr Rev 1995; 16: 200–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Garland FC, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Young JF. Geographic variation in breast cancer mortality in the United States: a hypothesis involving exposure to solar radiation. Prey Med 1990; 19: 614–622.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gorham ED, Garland FC, Garland CF. Sunlight and breast cancer incidence in the USSR. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 820–824.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ainsleigh HG. Beneficial effects of sun exposure on cancer mortality. Prey Med 1993; 22: 132–140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Eisman JA, Martin TJ, MacIntyre I, Moseley JM. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D receptor in breast cancer cells. Lancet 1979; 2: 1335, 1336.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Eisman JA. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and role of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human cancer cells. In: Vitamin D Metabolism: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Kumar R, ed. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1984; 365–382.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Eisman JA, Suva LJ, Sher E, Pearce PJ, Funder JW, Martin TJ. Frequency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 5121–5124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Freake HC, Abeyasekera G, Iwasaki J, Marcocci C, MacIntyre I, McClelland RA, Skilton RA, Easton DF, Coombes RC. Measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in breast cancer and their relationship to biochemical and clinical indices. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 1677–1681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Berger U, Wilson P, McClelland RA, Colston K, Haussler MR, Pike JW, Coombes RC. Immunocytochemical detection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in breast cancer. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 6793–6799.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Berger U, McClelland RA, Wilson P, Greene GL, Haussler MR, Pike JW, Colston K, Easton D, Coombes RC Immunocytochemical determination of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in breast cancer and relationship to prognosis. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 239–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Colston KW, Berger U, Coombes RC. Possible role for vitamin D in controlling breast cancer cell proliferation. Lancet 1989; 1: 188–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. van Leeuwen JPTM, Birkenhäger JC, Buurman CJ, Schilte JP, Pols HAP. Functional involvement of calcium in the homologous up-regulation of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor in osteoblast-like cells. FEBS Lett 1990; 270: 165–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. van Leeuwen JPTM, Pols HAP, Schilte JP, Visser TJ, Birkenhäger JC. Modulation by epidermal growth factor of the basal 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor level and the heterologous up-regulation of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor in clonal osteoblast-like cells. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49: 35–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pike JW. Vitamin D3 receptors: structure and function in transcription. Annu Rev Nutr 1991; 11: 189–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. van Leeuwen JPTM, Birkenhäger JC, Vink-van Wijngaarden T, van den Bemd GJCM, Pols HAP. Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression by parathyroid hormone and cAMP agonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 185: 881–886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Darwish H, De Luca HF. Vitamin D-regulated gene expression. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1993; 3: 89–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Staal A, Birkenhäger JC, Pols HAP, Buurman CJ, Vink-van Wijngaarden T, Kleinekoort WMC, van den Bemd GJCM, van Leeuwen JPTM. Transforming growth factor [3-induced dissociation between vitamin D receptor level and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 action in osteoblast-like cells. Bone Miner 1994; 26: 27–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Costa EM, Hirst MA, Feldman D. Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors by vitamin D analogues in cultured mammalian cells. Endocrinology 1985; 117: 2203–2210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor gene expression in cultured cells by serum and growth factors. J Bone Miner Res 1991; 6: 1099–1107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Escaleira MTF, Sonohara S, Brentani MM. Sex steroids induced up-regulation of 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 receptors in T 47D breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 45: 257–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Vink-van Wijngaarden T, Pols HAP, Buurman CJ, van den Bernd GJCM, Dorssers LCJ, Birkenhäger JC, van Leeuwen JPTM. Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by combined treatment with vitamin D3 analogs and tamoxifen. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5711–5717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Buras RR, Schumaker LM, Davoodi F, Brenner RV, Shabahang M, Nauta RJ, Evans SRT. Vitamin D receptors in breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treatment 1994; 31: 191–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fan FS, Yu WC. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses cell growth, DNA synthesis, and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in a breast cancer cell line. Cancer Invest 1995; 13: 280–286.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Shabahang M, Buras RR, Davoodi F, Schumaker LM, Nauta RJ, Evans SRT. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor as a marker of human colon carcinoma cell line differentiation and growth inhibition. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3712–3718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Miller GJ, Stapleton GE, Hedlund TE, Moffatt KA. Vitamin D receptor expression, 24-hydroxylase activity, and inhibition of growth by la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in seven prostatic carcinoma cell lines. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 997–1003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hedlund TE, Moffatt KA, Miller GJ. Stable expression of the nuclear vitamin D receptor in the human prostatic carcinoma cell line JCA-1: evidence that the antiproliferative effects of la,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 are mediated exclusively through the genomic signaling pathway. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 1554–1561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Dokoh S, Donaldson CA, Haussler MR. Infuence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cultured osteogenic sarcoma cells: correlation with the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 2103–2109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Elstner E, Linker-Israeli M, Said J, Umiel T, de Vos S, Shintaku PI, Heber D, Binderup L, Uskokovic M, Koeffler HP. 20-epi-Vitamin D3 analogues: a novel class of potent inhibitors of proliferation and inducers of differeniation of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2822–2830.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Narvaez CJ, Vanweelden K, Byrne I, Welsh J. Characterization of a vitamin D-resistant MCF-7 cell line. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 400–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Trydal T, Lillehaug JR, Aksnes L, Aarskog D. Regulation of cell growth, c-myc mRNA, and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 receptor in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts by calcipotriol and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. Acta Endocrinol 1992; 126: 75–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Xu H-M, Kolla SS, Goldenberg NA, Studzinski GP. Resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of a deoxycytidine kinase deficient variant of human leukemia HL-60 cells. Exp Cell Res 1992; 203: 244–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sebag M, Henderson J, Rhim J, Kremer R. Relative resistance to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a keratinocyte model of tumor progression. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:12, 162–12, 167.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Taoka T, Collins ED, Irino S, Norman AW. 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 mediated changes in mRNA for c-myc and 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor in HL-60 cells and related subclones. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1993; 95: 51–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lasky SR, Posner MR, Iwata K, Santos-Moore A, Yen A, Samuel V, Clark J, Maizel AL. Characterization of a vitamin D3-resistant human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line. Blood 1994; 84: 4283–4294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Freake HC, Marcocci C, Iwasaki J, Maclntyre I. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 specifically binds to a human breast cancer cell line (T47D) and stimulates growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 101: 1131–1138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Frampton RJ, Omond SA, Eisman JA. Inhibition of human cancer cell growth by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 metabolites. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 4443–4447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Chouvet C, Vicard E, Devonec M, Saez S. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibitory effect on the growth of two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, BT-20). J Steroid Biochem 1986; 24: 373–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Abe J, Nakano T, Nishii Y, Matsumoto T, Ogata E, Ikeda K. A novel vitamin D3 analog, 22-oxa1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, inhibits the growth of human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo without causing hypercalcemia. Endocrinology 1991; 129: 832–837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Eisman JA, Koga M, Sutherland RL, Barkla DH, Tutton PJM. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the regulation of human cancer cell replication. Proc Soc Exp Med 1989; 191: 221–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Eisman JA, Sutherland RL, McMenemy ML, Fragonas JC, Musgrove EA, Pang GYN. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on cell cycle kinetics of T47D human breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 1989; 138: 611–616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Pols HAP, Birkenhäger JC, Foekens JA, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D: a modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1990; 6: 873–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Simboli-Campbell M, Welsh J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: coordinate regulator of active cell death and proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In: Apoptosis in Hormone Dependent Cancers. Tenniswood M, Michna H, eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995; 181–200.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AG, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26: 239–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. James SY, Mackay AG, Colston KW. Vitamin D derivatives in combination with 9-cis-retinoic acid promote active cell death in breast cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 1995; 14: 391–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. VandeWalle B, Hornez L, Wattez N, Revillion F, Lefebvre J. Vitamin-D3 derivatives and breast-tumor cell growth: effect on intracellular calcium and apoptosis. Int J Cancer 1995; 61: 806–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Vink-van Wijngaarden T, Pols HAP, Buurman CJ, Birkenhäger JC, van Leeuwen JPTM. Combined effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and tamoxifen on the growth of MCF-7 and ZR-75–1 human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 29: 161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Gross M, Bollman Kost S, Ennis B, Stumpf W, Kumar R. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on mouse mammary tumor (GR) cells: evidence for receptors, cellular uptake, inhibition of growth and alteration in morphology at physiologic concentrations of hormone. J Bone Miner Res 1986; 1: 457–467.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Frappart L, Falette N, Lefebvre MF, Bremond A, Vauzelle JL, Saez S. In vitro study of effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the morphology of human breast cancer cell line BT.20. Differentiation 1989; 40: 63–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mathiasen IS, Colston KW, Binderup L. EB1089, a novel vitamin D analogue, has strong antiproliferative and differentiation inducing effects on cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 46: 365–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. James SY, Mackay AG, Colston KW. Effects of a new synthetic vitamin D analogue, EB 1089, on the oestrogen-responsive growth of human breast cancer cells. J Endocrinol 1994; 141: 555–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Anzano MA, Smith JM, Uskokovic MR, Peer CW, Mullen LT, Letterio JJ, Welsh MC, Shrader MW, Logsdon DL, Driver CL, Brown CC, Roberts AB, Sporn MB. 1a,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalciferol (Ro24–5531), a new deltanoid (vitamin D analogue) for prevention of breast cancer in the rat. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1653–1656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Binderup L, Latini S, Binderup E, Bretting C, Calverley M, Hansen K. 20-Epi-vitamin D3 analogues: a novel class of potent regulators of cell growth and immune responses. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42: 1569–1575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Colston KW, Chander SK, Mackay AG, Coombes RC. Effects of synthetic vitamin D analogues on breast cancer cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 693–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Brenner RV, Shabahang M, Schumaker LM, Nauta RJ, Uskokovic MR, Evans SR, Buras RR. The antiproliferative effect of vitamin D analogs on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 1995; 92: 77–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fun BJA, Nicholson RI. Use of analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone for treatment of cancer. J Reprod Fertil 1982; 64: 529–539.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Wilkinson JR, Williams JC, Singh D, Goss PE, Easton D, Coombes RC. Response of nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors to endocrine therapy and comparison with clinical response. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 4862–4865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Colston K, Wilkinson JR, Coombes RC. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding in estrogen responsive rat breast tumor. Endocrinology 1986; 119: 397–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Osborne CK, Hobbs K, Clark GM. Effect of estrogens and antiestrogens on growth of human breast cancer in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 584–590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Iino Y, Yoshida M, Sugamata N, Maemura M, Ohwada S, Yokoe T, Ishikita T, Horiuchi R, Morishita Y. la-Hydroxyvitamin D3, hypercalcemia, and growth suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alanthracene-induced rat mammary tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1992; 22: 133–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Saez S, Falette N, Guillot C, Meggouh F, Lefebvre MF, Crepin M. 1,25(OH)2D3 Modulation of mammary tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 27: 69–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Noguchi S, Tahara H, Miyauchi K, Koyama H. Influence of la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the development and steroid hormone receptor contents of DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. Oncology 1989; 46: 273–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Oikawa T, Yoshida Y, Shimamura M, Ashino-Fuse H, Iwaguchi T, Tominaga T. Antitumor effect of 22-oxa- 1 a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, on rat mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Anticancer Drugs 1991; 2: 475–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Colston KW, Mackay AG, James SY, Binderup L. EB1089: a new vitamin D analogue that inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 44: 2273–2280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Abe-Hashimoto J, Kikuchi T, Matsumoto T, Nishii Y, Ogata E, Ikeda K. Antitumor effect of 22oxa-calcitriol, a noncalcemic analogue of calcitriol, in athymic mice implanted with human breast carcinoma and its synergism with tamoxifen. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2534–2537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Colston KW, Mackay AG, Chandler S, Binderup L, Coombes RC. Novel vitamin D analogues suppress tumour growth in vivo. In: Vitamin D: Gene Regulation, Structure-Function Analysis and Clinical Application. Proceedings of the Eghth Workshop on Vitamin D. Norman AW, Bouillon R, Thomasset M, eds. Berlin: Thomasset M, eds. 1991; 465, 466.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bower M, Colston KW, Stein RC, Hedley A, Gazet JC, Ford HT, Coombes RC. Topical calcipotriol treatment in advanced breast cancer. Lancet 1991; 337: 701, 702.

    Google Scholar 

  71. O’Brien MER, Talbot D, Maclennan K, Smith IE. Inefficacy of calcipotriol in skin metastases from breast cancer. Lancet 1993; 342: 994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Muss HB. Endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1992; 21: 15–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Santen RJ, Manni A, Harvey H, Redmond C. Endocrine treatment of breast cancer in women. Endocr Rev 1990; 11: 221–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Litherland S, Jackson IM. Antioestrogens in the management of hormone-dependent cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1988; 15: 183–194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Costa A. Breast cancer chemoprevention. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 589–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Koga M, Sutherland RL. Retinoic acts synergistically with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or anti-oestrogen to inhibit T-47D human breast cancer cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 39: 455–460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rocker D, Ravid A, Liberman UA, Garach-Jehoshua O, Koren R. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 potentiates the cytotoxic effect of TNF on human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1994; 106: 157–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Hassan HT, Eliopoulos A, Maurer HR, Spandidos DA. Recombinant human GM-CSF enhances the anti-proliferative activity of vitamin D in MCF-7 human breast cancer clonogenic cells. Eur J Cancer 1992; 28A: 1588, 1589.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Cho YL, Christensen C, Saunders DE, Lawrence WD, Deppe G, Malviya VK, Malone JM. Combined effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and platinum drugs on the growth of MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 2848–2853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Druker BJ, Mamon HJ, Roberts TM. Oncogenes, growth factors, and signal transduction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1383–1391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Studzinski GP. Oncogenes, growth, and the cell cycle: an overview. Cell Tissue Kinet 1989; 22: 405–424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Travali S, Koniecki J, Petralia S, Baserga R. Oncogenes in growth and development. FASEB J 1990; 4: 3209–3214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Weinberg RA. Tumor suppressor genes. Science 1991; 254: 1138–1145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Hollingsworth RE, Lee WH. Tumor suppressor genes: new prospects for cancer research. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 91–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Cattoretti G, Rilke F, Andreola S, D’Amato L, Domenico D. p53 in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1988; 41: 178–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Devilee P, Cornelisse CJ. Genetics of human breast cancer. Cancer Sury 1990; 9: 605–630.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Groner B, Hynes NE. Mutations in human breast cancer cells: dominantly-acting oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes suggest strategies for targeted interference. Int J Cancer 1990; 5: 40–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Mackay J, Thompson AM, Coles C, Steel CM. Molecular lesions in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1990; 5: 47–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Van de Vijver MJ, Nusse R. The molecular biology of breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1072: 33–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Groner B. Oncogene expression in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem 1992; 49: 128–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Moll UM, Riou G, Levine AJ. Two distinct mechanisms alter p53 in breast cancer: mutation and nuclear exclusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 7262–7266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Reitsma PH, Rothberg PG, Astrin SM, Trial J, Bar-Shavit Z, Hall A, Teitelbaum SL, Kahn AJ. Regulation of myc gene expression in HL-60 leukaemia cells by a vitamin D metabolite. Nature 1983; 306: 492–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Brelvi ZS, Christakos S, Studzinski GP. Expression of monocyte-specific oncogenes c-fos and c-fms in HL60 cells treated with vitamin D3 analogues correlates with inhibition of DNA synthesis and reduced calmodulin concentration. Lab Invest 1986; 55: 269–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kremer R, Bolivar I, Goltzman D, Hendy GN. Influence of calcium and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on proliferation and proto-oncogene expression in primary cultures of bovine parathyroid cells. Endocrinology 1989; 125: 935–941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Matsumoto K, Hashimoto K, Nishida Y, Hashiro M, Yoshikawa K. Growth-inhibitory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on normal human keratinocytes cultured in serum-free medium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 166: 916–923.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Mahonen A, Pirskanen A, Mäenpää PH. Homologous and heterologous regulation of 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor mRNA levels in human osteosarcoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991; 1088: 111–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tu-Yu AH, Morris RC, Ives HE. Differential modulation of fos and jun gene expression by 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 193: 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Saunders DE, Christensen C, Wappler NL, Schultz JF, Lawrence WD, Malviya VK, Malone JM, Deppe G. Inhibition of c-myc in breast and ovarian carcinoma cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, retinoic acid and dexamethasone. Anticancer Drugs 1993; 4: 201–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Vink-van Wijngaarden T, Pols HAP, Buurman CJ, Birkenhäger JC, van Leeuwen JPTM. Inhibition of insulin-and insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated growth of human breast cancer cells by 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the vitamin D3 analogue EB 1089. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32: 842–848.

    Google Scholar 

  100. James SY, Mackay AG, Colston KW. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues on induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 58: 395–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. El-deiry WS, Tokino T, Velculescu VE, Levy DB, Parsons R, Trent JM, Lin D, Mercer WE, Kinzler WE, Vogelstein B. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 1993; 75: 817–825.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Liu M, Lee M-H, Cohen M, Bommakanti M, Freedman LP. Transcriptional activation of the Cdk inhibitor p21 by vitamin D3 leads to the induced differentiation of the myeloidmonocytic cell line U937. Genes Dev 1997; 10: 142–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Narvaez CJ, Welsh J. Differential effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate on cell cycle and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and a vitamin D3-resistant variant. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4690–4698.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wu G, Fan RS, Li W, Ko TC, Brattain MG. Modulation of cell cycle control by vitamin D3 and its analogue, EB1089, in human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 1997; 15: 1555–1563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hockenbery D, Nunez G, Milliman C, Schrieber RD, Korsmeyer SJ. Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 1990; 348: 334–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. la. Danielsson C, Mathiasen IS, James SY, Nayeri S, Bretting C, Hansen CM, Colston KW, Carlberg C. Sensitive induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by a novel 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 analogue shows relation to promoter selectivity. J Cell Biochem 1997; 66: 552–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Demirpence E, Balaguer P, Trousse F, Nicolas JC, Pons M, Gagne D. Antiestrogenic effects of all-trans-retinoic acid and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in breast cancer cells occur at the estrogen response element level but through different molecular mechanisms. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 458–1464.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Dickson RB, Lippman ME. Estrogenic regulation of growth and polypeptide growth factor secretion in human breast carcinoma. Endocr Rev 1987; 8: 29–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Dickson RB. Stimulatory and inhibitory growth factors and breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1990; 37: 795–803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sutherland RL, Lee CSL, Feldman RS, Musgrove EA. Regulation of breast cancer cell cycle progression by growth factors, steroids, and steroid antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 41: 315–321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Freiss G, Prebois C, Vignon F. Control of breast cancer cell growth by steroids and growth factors: interactions and mechanisms. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993; 27: 57–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Lefebvre MF, Guillot C, Crepin M, Saez S. Influence of tumor derived fibroblasts and 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 on growth of breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995; 33: 189–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Knabbe C, Lippman ME, Wakefield LM, Flanders KC, Kasid A, Derynck R, Dickson RB. Evidence that transforming growth factor b is a hormonally regulated negative growth factor in human breast cancer cells. Cell 1987; 48: 417–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Arteaga CL, Tandon AK, Von Hoff DD, Osborne CK. Transforming growth factor b: a potential autocrine growth inhibitor of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 3898–3904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Arrick BA, Korc M, Derynck R. Differential regulation of expression of three transforming growth factor 13 species in human breast cancer cell lines by estradiol. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 299–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Koli K, Keski-Oja J. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the expression of transforming growth factor-(31 and its latent form binding protein in cultured breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 1540–1546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kim HJ, Abdelkader N, Katz M, McLane JA. 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3 enhances antiproliferative effect and transcription of TGF-(31 on human keratinocytes in culture. J Cell Physiol 1992; 151: 579–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Koga M, Eisman JA, Sutherland RL. Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor levels by 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 2734–2739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Falette N, Frappart L, Lefebvre MF, Saez S. Increased epidermal growth factor receptor level in breast cancer cells treated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1989; 63: 189–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Xie SP, James SY, Colston KW. Vitamin D derivatives inhibit the mitogenic effects of IGF-I on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Endocrinol 1997; 154: 495–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Rozen F, Yang X-F, Huynh H, Pollak M. Antiproliferative action of vitamin D-related compounds and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 accumulation. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 652–656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Huynh H, Yang X-F, Pollak M. A role for insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 in the antiproliferative action of the antiestrogen ICI182780. Cell Growth Differen 1996; 7: 1501–1506.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mezzetti G, Monti MG, Pernecco Casolo L, Piccinini G, Moruzzi MS. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol-dependent calcium uptake by mouse mammary gland in culture. Endocrinology 1988; 122: 389–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hruska KA, Bar-Shavit Z, Malone JD, Teitelbaum S. Cat+ priming during vitamin D-induced monocytic differentiation of a human leukemia cell line. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:16, 039–16, 044.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Studzinski GP, McLane JA, Uskokovic MR. Signalling pathways for vitamin D-induced differentiation: implications for therapy of proliferative and neoplastic diseases. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1993; 3: 279–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Simpson RU, Arnold AJ. Calcium antagonizes 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. Endocrinology 1986; 119: 2284–2289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Miyaura C, Abe E, Suda T. Extracellular calcium is involved in the mechanism of differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) induced by 1a,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1984; 115: 1891–1896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Levy R, Nathan I, Barnea E, Chaimovitz C, Shany S. The involvement of calcium ions in the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on HL-60 cells. Exp Hematol 1988; 16: 290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Cross HS, Huber C, Peterlik M. Antiproliferative effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogues on human colon adenocarcinoma cells (CACO-2): influence of extracellular calcium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 179: 57–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Carroll KK, Jacobson EA, Eckel LA, Newmark HL, Calcium and carcinogenesis of the mammary gland. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54: 206S - 208S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Newmark HL. Vitamin D adequacy: a possible relationship to breast cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 364: 109–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Oikawa T, Hirotani K, Ogasawara H, Katayama T, Nakamura O, Iwaguchi T, Hiragun A. Inhibition of angiogenesis by vitamin D3 analogues. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 178: 247–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Oikawa T, Yoshida Y, Shimamura M, Ashino-Fuse H, Iwaguchi T, Tominaga T. Antitumor effect of 22-oxa- 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, on rat mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenx[alanthracene. Anticancer Drugs 1991; 2: 475–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Majewski S, Marczak M, Szmurlo A, Jablonska S, Bollag W. Retinoids, interferon a, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and their combination inhibit angiogenesis induced by non-HPV-harboring tumor cell lines. RARa mediates the antiangiogenic effect of retinoids. Cancer Lett 1995; 89: 117–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Majewski S, Szmurlo A, Marczak M, Jablonska S, Bollag W. Inhibition of tumor cell-induced angiogenesis by retinoids, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and their combination. Cancer Lett 1993; 75: 35–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Bollag W, Majewski S, Jablonska S. Cancer combination chemotherapy with retinoids: Experimental rationale. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1453–1457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Shokravi MR, Marcus DM, Alroy J, Egan K, Saornil MA, Albert DM. Vitamin D inhibits angiogenesis in transgenic murine retinoblastoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 83–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Mork Hansen CM, Frandsen TL, Brunner N, Binderup L. la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits the invasive potential of human breast cancer cells in vitro. Clin Exp Metast 1994; 12: 195–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hortobagyi GN. Bone metastases in breast cancer patients. Semin Oncol 1991; 18: 11–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Agha FP, Norman A, Hirschl S, Klein R. Paget’s disease coexistence with metastatic carcinoma. NY State J Med 1976; 76: 734, 735.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Powell N. Metastatic carcinoma in association with Paget’s disease of bone. Br J Radiol 1983; 56: 582–585.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Guaitani A, Sabatini M, Coccioli G, Cristina S, Garattini S, Bartosek I. An experimental rat model of local bone cancer invasion and its responsiveness to ethane-l-hydroxy-1,1-bis(phosphonate). Cancer Res 1985; 45: 2206–2209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Fitton A, McTavish D. Pamidronate: a review of its pharmacologic properties and therapeutic efficacy in resorptive bone disease. Drugs 1991; 41: 289–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Krempien B, Manegold C. Prophylactic treatment of skeletal metastases, tumor-induced osteolysis, and hypercalcemia in rats with the biphosphonate C12MBP. Cancer 1993; 72: 91–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Krempien B. The Walker carcinoma-sarcoma 256 as an experimental model of bone metastases: influence of local and metabolic factors on incidence and pattern of metastases. Calcif Tissue Int 1984; 36: S26.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Wright CDP, Garrahan NJ, Stanton M, Gazet JC, Mansell RE, Compston JE. Effect of long-term tamoxifen therapy on cancellous bone remodelling and structure in women with breast cancer. J Bone Miner Res 1994; 9: 153–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Vink-van Wijngaarden T, Birkenhäger JC, Kleinekoort WMC, van den Bemd GJCM, Pols HAP, van Leeuwen JPTM. Antiestrogens inhibit in vitro bone resorption stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the vitamin D3 analogs EB1089 and KH1060. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 812–815.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Leeuwen, J.P.T.M., Wijngaarden, T.Vv., Pols, H.A.P. (1999). Vitamin D and Breast Cancer. In: Holick, M.F. (eds) Vitamin D. Nutrition and Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2861-3_24

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2861-3_24

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2863-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-2861-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics