Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna

  • Chapter
The Arctic Seas

Abstract

The Arctic Ocean and surrounding epicontinental seas have a perennial ice cover in the central sector and throughout most of the year in their peripheral parts. Paleoceanographic reconstructions have shown that the perennial Arctic sea ice developed about 0.9 million years ago (Herman, 1970; Herman and Hopkins, 1980). During the past 0.9 my, the sea-ice cover has repeatedly melted and formed again (Maksimov, 1972). The last phase of the ice-free ocean was in early Würm. According to Olausson and Jonasson (1969) the Arctic Ocean has had a sea-ice cover during the last 11,000 years. The ice thickness did not exceed 3–4 m (Nesis, 1983) and was much like the present sea-ice cover. It is possible that the general features of Arctic sea-ice ecology have developed since the Last Glaciation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andrijashev, A. P. 1967. Microflora and fauna associated with the Antarctic fast ice, Zool. Zhurnal 44(10):1585–1594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrijashev, A. P. 1970. Cryopelagic fishes of the Arctic and Antarctic and their significance in polar ecosystems, Antarct. Ecol. 1:294–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrijashev, A. P., and E. N. Gruzov. 1974. Biological communities near shore Antarctica. In Nauka i Chelovechestvo. Znanie, Moscow, pp. 101–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apollonio, S. 1961. The chlorophyll content of Arctic sea ice, Arctic 14(3):197–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, J. L. 1959. Epipelagic and under-ice Amphipoda of the Central Arctic basin, Geophysical Res. Pap. 63, 1:115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beklemishev, C. W. 1969. Ecology and Biogeography of the Open Ocean. Nauka, Moscow, 291 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belakov, L. N. 1974. Drift currents under ice in the Arctic basin. Oceanology 14(2):256–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenboim, B. I., and G. V. Popkov. 1980. Some results on the underwater observations for the behavior of shrimp Pandalus borealis (Kr) in Barents Sea. Trudy Polar Res. Inst. Marine Fish. Oceanogr. Murmansk 44:56–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradstreet, N. W., and W. E. Cross. 1982. Trophic relationships at high Arctic ice edge. Arctic 35:1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. G. B., S. P. Barker, and D. E. Gaskin. 1979. Ray time surface by Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) (Crustacea, Euphausiacea) off Brier island, Bay of Fundy. Canadian J. Zool. 57(12):2,285–2,291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunt, J. S., and E. J. F. Wood. 1963. Microalgaeand Antarctic sea ice, Nature 199(4,900):1,254–1,255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushueva, I. V. 1977. About ecology and distribution of Amphipoda-Gammaridea in shoal waters of the Novaya Zemlya and Franz-Josef Land. Explor. Fauna Seas 14(22):277–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clasby, R., R. Horner, V. Alexander. 1972. Ecology and metabolism of sea-ice organisms. Inst. Marine Scin. (Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks), Rep. R72, 56 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cleve, R T., and A. Grunov. 1880. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der arctischen Diatomeen. K. Sv. Vetesk. Akad. Handl. 17(2):1–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clutter, R. T. 1969. The microdistribution and social behavior of some pelagic mysid shrimps. J. Exp. Marine Biol Ecol. 3:125–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coachman, L. K., and C. A. Barnes. 1963. The movement of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean. Arctic 16:9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross, W. E. 1982. Under-ice biota at the Pond Inlet ice edge and in adjacent fast ice areas during spring. Arctic 35:13–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickie, G. 1880. On the algae found during the Arctic expedition. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17:6–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunbar, M., and W. Wittman. 1963. Some features of ice movement in the Arctic basin. In Proceedings of the Arctic Basin Symposium, 1962. Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, Va., pp. 90–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenberg, C. G. 1853. Uber neue Anschauungen des kleinsten nordlichen Polarlebens, Monatsber. d. Berl. Akad. 1,853:522–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, R. Y., and A. Z. Paul. 1970. USC-FSU biological investigations from the Fletcher’s ice island T-3 on deep-sea and under-ice benthos of the Arctic Ocean. University of Southern California, Department of Biological Sciences, Tech. Report 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geptner, V. G. 1937. General Zoogeography. Biomedgiz, Moscow, 358 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golikov, A. N., and V. G. Averinzev. 1977. Biocoenoses of the upper regions of the shelf of Franz-Josef Land archipelago and some regularities of their distribution. In O. A. Scarlato (ed.), Biocoenoses of the Shelf of Franz-Josef Land and the Fauna of Adjacent Waters, pp. 5–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golikov, A. V., and O. A. Scarlato. 1973. Comparative characteristics of some ecosystems of the upper regions of the shelf in tropical, temperate and Arctic waters. Helgolander Wiss. Meersunters. 24:219–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorbunov, Yu. A., and S. M. Lose v. 1979. Some features of local distribution of the sea ice in relationship with its drift. Trudy AANII 364:64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorbunov, Yu. A., S. M. Losev, and I. Yu. Kulakov. 1982. Structure features of the sea ice drift in Arctic ocean. Material ofGlaciol. Invest. Moscow 45:51–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordienko, P. A. 1958. Arctic ice drift. In Arctic Sea Ice. National Research Council Pub. 598, National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gran, E. N. 1904. Diatomaceae from the icefloes and plankton of the Arctic Ocean. In F. Nansen (ed.), Norwegian N. Polar Expedition 1893–98. Scientific Research of the Norwegian N. Polar Expedition, vol. 4, series 11, pp. 3–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grichenko, V. D. 1980. About morphology of the sea ice surfaces of the Arctic Ocean. In Biology of the Central Arctic Basin. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 35–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruzov, E. N., M. V. Propp, and A. F. Pushkin. 1967. Biological communities of the nearshore regions of the Davis sea (on the results of underwater diving observations). Inform. Bull. SAE 65:124–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulliksen, B. 1984. Under-ice fauna from Svalbard waters. Sarsia 69(l):17–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamner, W. M., and J. H. Carleton. 1979. Copepod swarms: Attributes and role in coral reef ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24(1):1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harbison, G. R., and L. P. Madin. 1979. Diving— a new view on plankton biology. Oceanus 22(2):18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, G. C. H. 1966. Zooplankton distribution in the Arctic Ocean with notes on life cycles, Master’s thesis. McGill University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, Y. 1970. Arctic paleo-oceanography in late Cenozoic time. Science 169:474–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, Y., and D. M. Hopkins. 1980. Arctic Ocean climate in late Cenozoic time. Science 209(4,456):557–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horner, R. 1976. Sea ice organisms. Oceanogr. Marine Biol. Ann. Rev. 14:167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koerner, R. M. 1973. The mass balance of the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean. J. Glaciol. 12(65):123–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulikov, A. S. 1980. About ecology of two species of gammarids (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) and mysid (Mysidacea) in cryopelagic biocoenosis of the Central Arctic Ocean. In Biology of the Central Arctic Ocean. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 111–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maksimov, E. V. 1972. Problems of glaciation of the Earth and rhythms in nature. Nauka, 296 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maykut, G. A., and T. C. Grenfell. 1975. The spectral distribution of light beneath first-year sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20:554–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Megu, O. H. 1962. Plankton ice in the Antarctic Ocean. Antarct. Rec. 14:1192–1199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meguro, H., K. Ito, and H. Fukushima. 1967. Ice flora (bottom type):A mechanism of primary production in Polar seas and thegrowth of diatoms in sea ice. Arctic 20(2):114–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A. 1978. Hydrobiological studies in the Central Arctic Ocean (spring, 1978). Oceanology 18(6):1,132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A. 1979. Cryobiological observations in two Central Arctic Ocean (methods and some results of the studies). Oceanology 19(1):150–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A. 1980. Ecosystem of the arctic drifting sea ice, In Biology of the Central Arctic Ocean. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 61–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A. 1981. Hydrobiological studies in the Arctic Ocean (NP-22, December 1979 April 1980 ). 21(2):397–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A. 1982. Hydrobiological studies at SP-22 in the Arctic Ocean (spring, 1981). Oceanology 22(1):158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A., and A. S. Kulikov. 1980. Cryopelagic fauna of the Central Arctic ocean. In Biology of the Central Arctic Ocean. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 97–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A., and G. L. Pavlov. 1978. Peculiarities of organic carbon distribution in the waters and ice of the Arctic basin. Oceanology 18(2):248–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mel’nikov, I. A., and V. D. Tsynovsky. 1978. Hydrobiological studies in the Arctic Ocean (May-October, 1977). Oceanology 18(2):378–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, J. L. 1959. Marine biological work. In Scientific Studies at Fletcher’s Ice Island, T-3, 1952–1955. Geophysical Research Papers 3, vol. 1, pp. 82–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohr, J. L., and J. Tibbs. 1963. Ecology of ice substrates, In Proceedings of the Arctic Basin Symposium, October, 1962. Arctic Institute of North America, Arlington, Va., pp. 245–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesis, K. N. 1983. Panarctic ice sheet during the Pleistocene? Marine Biol. Vladivostok 6:11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., and U. C. Jonasson. 1969. The Arctic Ocean during the Wurm and early Flandrian. Geologika Foreningens i Stockholm Forbandlingar 91:185–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palibin, I. V. 1925. Microorganisms as a destroyer of the polar sea ice. Izvestija Zentr. Gidrometeorol. Buro 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavshtiks, E. A. 1980. About some regularities in plankton life of the Central Arctic Ocean. In Biology of the Central Arctic Ocean. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 142–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peckham, V. 1964. Year-round SCUBA diving in the Antarctic. Polar Rec. 12(77):143–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, C. 1966. Stalking seals under Antarctic ice. Geogr. Mag. 129:54–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirshov, P. P. 1938. Oceanological observations. Acad. Nauk USSR (Doklady) 19(8):569–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoemaker, C. 1955. Amphipoda collected at the Arctic Laboratory, office of Naval Research, Point Barrow, Alaska, by G. E. MacGinitie. Smithsonian Misc. Colin. 128(1):1–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C. 1973. Optical properties of the Arctic upper waters. Arctic 26(4):63–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stepanov, V. N. 1969. About specific features of water vertical circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Acad. Nauk USSR (Doklady) 187(1):187–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timofeev, V. T. 1960. Water Masses of the Arctic Ocean. Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 191 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzvetkova, N. L. 1977. Some peculiarities of ecology, growth and production of two species of gammarids (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) in high latitudes of the Arctic. In Explor. Fauna Seas 14(22):291–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Usachev, P. I. 1949. The microflora of polar ice. Akad. Nauk USSR, Inst. Oceanol. (Trudy) 3:216–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volkov, N. A., and A. F. Treshnikov. 1969. About modern international nomenclature of the sea ice. Problemi Arctiki i Antarctiki 32:132–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zernov, S. A. 1928. About hibernation of the water organisms in the ice thickness and in frozen ground of the materials of N. V. Boldireva, P. P. Smirnova, and V. D. Shmeleva. Russian J. Hydrobiol. 7(l-2):l-8.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. I. A. Mel’nikov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164-2812, USA

    Yvonne Herman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Van Nostrand Reinhold

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mel’nikov, I.A. (1989). Ecology of Arctic Ocean Cryopelagic Fauna. In: Herman, Y. (eds) The Arctic Seas. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8022-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0677-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation