Abstract
The American GEOSECS program followed by the Transient Tracers in Oceanography (TTO) program has supplied oceanography with a vast amount of high-quality chemical data and stressed the importance of the use of tracers. Östlund’s measurements of Н bomb-produced tritium (HTO) have given us two “snapshots” (1972 and 1981) of how the deep Atlantic water is formed in the Greenland and Norwegian seas and penetrates toward the south Atlantic (Östlund, 1985). During the Ymer-80 expedition an attempt was made to obtain similar high-quality data for the eastern Arctic Ocean (Anderson and Dyrssen, 1981; Carmack and Rudels, 1983), but in spite of the ice camp work by the Canadians and Russians more work needs to be carried out before we have a good picture of the Arctic Ocean. The main objectives of future research were discussed at a meeting on the ventilation of the Arctic Ocean (Melling, 1985). Before this meeting a symposium in Reykjavik on the use of chemical tracers in chemical oceanography (Stefansson, 1985) stressed the advantage of these tools in the understanding of the transport of chemical constituents in the oceans, the main goal being the role of the oceans (not least the Arctic Ocean) in the circulation of carbon dioxide.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aagaard, K. 1981. On the deep circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 28:251–268.
Aagaard, K., L. K. Coachman, and E. Carmack. 1981. On the halocline of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 28:529–545.
Aagaard, K., and P. Greisman. 1975. Toward new mass and heat budgets for the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 80:3821–3827.
Aagaard, K., J. H. Swift, and E. C. Carmack. 1985. Thermohaline circulation in the Arctic Mediterranean seas. J. Geophys. Res. 90:4833–4846.
Anderson, L., and D. Dyrssen. 1981. Chemical constituents of the Arctic Ocean in the Svalbard Area. Oceanologica Ada 4:305–311.
Anderson, L. G., D. Dyrssen, and E. P. Jones. 1989. An assessment of the transport of atmospheric CO2 into the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res.
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones. 1985. Measurements of total alkalinity, calcium and sulphate in natural sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 90:9194–9198.
Anderson, L. G., and E. P. Jones. 1986. Water masses and their chemical constituents in the western Nansen Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Oceanologica Acta 9:277–283.
Anderson, L., and M. Lowings. 1982. Constituent Data for the Chukchi and Northern Bering Sea. Report on the Chemistry of Seawater, XXX, Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Göteborg, S-412, 96, Göteborg, Sweden.
Anderson, L. G., D. W. Dyrssen, E. P. Jones, and M. G. Lowings. 1983. Inputs and outputs of salt, fresh water, alkalinity, and silica in the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 30:87–94.
Anderson, L. G., P. O. J. Hall, Å. Iverfeldt, M. M. Rutgers van der Loeff, B. Sundby, and S. F. G. Westerlund. 1986. Benthic respiration measured by total carbonate production. Limnol Oceanogr. 31:319–329.
Assur, A. 1958. Composition of sea ice and its tensile strength. Arctic Sea Ice, N.A.S./N.R.C. Publ. 598, pp. 106–138.
Bédard, P., C. Hillaire-Marcel, and P. Pagé. 1981. 18O modeling of freshwater inputs in Baffin Bay and Canadian Arctic coastal waters. Nature 293:287–289.
Belyayeva, A. N., and Ye. A. Romankevich. 1982. Organic matter in a water column of the Barents Sea. Oceanology 23:188–194.
Broecker, W. S., D. W. Spencer, and H. Craig. 1982. GEOSECS Pacific Edition, vol. 3, Hydro-graphic Data 1973–1974. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Bruland, K. W. 1983. Trace metals in sea-water. In J. P. Riley and R. Chester (eds.), Chemical Oceanography, vol. 8. Academic Press, London, pp. 157–220.
Campbell, N. J. 1964. The origin of cold high-salinity water in Foxe Basin. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21:45–55.
Carmack, E., and B. Rudels. 1983. Report on the meeting, The Physical and Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean. Report on the Chemistry of Seawater, XXXI. Department of Analytical and Marine Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Göteborg, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
Coachman, L. K., and C. A. Barnes. 1961. The contribution of Bering Sea water to the Arctic Ocean. Arctic 14:147–161.
Codispoti, L. A. 1979. Arctic Ocean processes in relation to the dissolved silicon content of the Altantic. Marine Sci. Comm. 5(6): 361–381.
Codispoti, L. A., and F. A. Richards. 1971. Oxygen supersaturations in the Chukchi and East Siberian seas. Deep-Sea Res. 18:341–351.
Danielsson, L-G., and S. Westerlund. 1983. Trace metals in the Arctic Ocean. In C. S. Wong, E. Boyle, K. W. Bruland, J. D. Burton, and E. D. Goldberg (eds.), Trace Metals in Sea Water. Plenum Press, New York and London.
Dyrssen, D. 1982. Tracing mixing processes in the Arctic Ocean. Thalassia Jugoslavica 18:45–60.
Dyrssen, D., and E. Fogelqvist. 1981. Bromoform concentrations of the Arctic Ocean in the Svalbard area. Oceanologica Acta 4:313–317.
Elmore, D., L. E. Tubbs, D. Newman, X. Z. Ma, R. Finkel, K. Nishiizumi, J. Beer, H. Owschger, and M. Andree. 1982. ‘Cl bomb pulse measured in a shallow ice core from Dye 3, Greenland. Nature 300:735–737.
Fogelqvist, E. 1985. Carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and bromoform in Arctic seawater. J. Geophys. Res. 90(C5): 9181–9193.
Fonselius, S., and G. Ostlund. 1959. Natural radiocarbon measurements on surface water from the North Atlantic and Artic Sea. Tellus 1:77–82.
Garfield, N., L. A. Codispoti, and T. T. Packard. 1982. Chemical and biochemical data obtained by Bigelow Laboratory Investigators: FRAM III, 1981. Technical Report No. 26. Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, McKown Point, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04575.
Gordon, D. C., and P. J. Cranford. 1985. Vertical distribution of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the Arctic Ocean at 86°N and comparison with other regions. Deep-Sea Res. 32(10): 1221–1232.
Gosink, T. A., J. G. Pearson, and J. J. Kelly. 1976. Gas movement through sea ice. Nature 263:41–42.
Jones, E. P. 1985. A report on the chemical oceanography of the central Arctic Ocean. Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean. National Science Foundation. 29–31 October 1984, at the Rosentell School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Florida.
Jones, E. P., and L. G. Anderson. 1986. On the origin of the chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean halocline. J. Geophys. Res. 91:10759–10767.
Jones E. P., A. R. Coote, and E. M. Levy. 1983. Effect of sea ice meltwater on the alkalinity of seawater. J. Mar. Res. 41:43–52.
Jones, E. P., D. Dyrssen, and A. R. Coote. 1984. Nutrient regeneration in deep Baffin Bay with consequences for measurements of conservative tracer NO and fossil fuel CO2 in the oceans. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:30–35.
Kelly, J. J. 1970. Carbon dioxide in the surface waters of the north Atlantic Ocean and the Barents and Kara seas. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15:80–87.
Kinney, P., M. E. Arhelger, and D. C. Burrell. 1970. Chemical characteristics of water masses in the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 75:4097–4104.
Kinney, P. J., T. C. Loder, and J. Groves. 1971. Particulate and dissolved organic matter in the Amerasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Li mnol. Oceanogr. 16:132–137.
Koike, I., K. Furuya, H. Otobe, T. Nakai, T. Memoto, and A. Hattori. 1982. Horizontal distribution of surface chlorophyll a and nitrogenous nutrients near Bering Strait and Unimak Pass. Deep-Sea Res. 29:149–155.
Livingston, H. D., S. L. Kupferman, V. T. Bowen, and R. M. Moore. 1984. Vertical profile of artifical radionuclide concentrations in the central Arctic Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48:2195–2203.
Lyakhin, Yu. I. 1970. Saturation of water of the sea of Okhotsk with calcium carbonate. Oceanology 10:789–795.
Lyakhin, Yu. I., and V. P. Rusanov. 1980. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the Arctic Basin and the atmosphere. Oceanology 20:411–418.
Lyakhin, Yu. I., and V. P. Rusanov. 1983. Exchange of oxygen and CO2 between water and atmosphere in the Arctic Seas. Oceanology 23:722–726.
Mart, L., H. W. Nürnberg, and D. Dyrssen. 1984. Trace metals in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. 39:1–14.
Melling, H. 1985. Ventilation of the Arctic Ocean. A report on a workshop funded by the division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation. 29–31 October 1984, at the Rosentell School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Florida.
Melling, H., and E. L. Lewis. 1982. Shelf drainage flows in the Beaufort Sea and their effect on the Arctic Ocean pychnocline. Deep-Sea Res. 29:967–985.
Melnikov, I. A., and G. L. Pavlov. 1978. Characteristics of organic carbon distribution in the waters and ice of the Arctic Ocean. Oceanology 18:163–167.
Midttun, L. 1985. Formation of heavy bottom water in the Garent Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 32(10): 1233–1241.
Moore, R. M., M. G. Lowings, and F. C. Tan. 1983. Geochemical profiles in the central Arctic Ocean: Their relation to freezing and shallow circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 88:2667–2674.
Nansen, F. 1906. Northern waters: Captain Roald Amundsen’s oceanographic observations in the Arctic Seas in 1901. Vitensk.-Selsk. Skr., I, Math.-Nature. Kl. No. 3, 145 p.
Nelson, K. H., and T. G. Thompson. 1954. Deposition of salts from seawater by frigid concentration. J. Mar. Res. 13:166–182.
Nikiforov, Ye. G., Ye. Y. Gelysheva, and N. I. Blinov. 1966. The structure of water masses in the eastern part of the Arctic Basin. Oceanology 6:59–64.
Östlund, H. G. 1982. The residence time of the freshwater component in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 87:2035–2043.
Östlund, H. G. 1985. Rit Fiskideildar9: 13–19.
Ostlund, H. G., and G. Hut. 1984. Arctic Ocean water mass balance from isotope data. J. Geophys. Res. 89:6373–6381.
Overgaard, S., P. Wadhams, and M. Lepparanta. 1983. Ice properties in the Greenland and Barents seas during summer. J. Glaciol. 27(101): 142–164.
Redfield, A. C., and I. Friedman. 1969. The effect of meteoric water, meltwater and brine on the composition of polar seawater and of deep waters of the ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 16(suppl.):197–213.
Reeburgh, W. S., and M. Springer-Young. 1983. New measurements of sulphate and chlorinity in natural sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. 88(C5): 2959–2966.
Richardson, C. 1976. Phase relationships in sea ice as a function of temperature. J. Glaciol. 17:507–519.
Ringer, W. E. 1906. De veranderinger im samenstelling van zeewater bij het bevriezen. Chem. Weekbl. 3:223–249.
Rusanov, V. P. 1974. Silicon distribution in the surface waters of the Arctic Basin in winter. Oceanology 14:669–674.
Rusanov, V. P., and A. D. Shpaykher. 1979. Advection of dissolved silica in the Chukchi Sea. Oceanology 19:418–421.
Sambrotto, R. N., J. J. Goering, and C. P. McRoy. 1984. Large yearly production of phytoplankton in the western Bering Strait. Science 225:1147–1150.
Sinha, N. K. 1977. Technique for studying structure of sea ice. J. Glaciol. 18:315–323.
Stefansson, U. 1985. Chemical tracers for studying water masses and physical processes in the sea. Rit Fiskideildar 9:1–186.
Subba Rao, D. V., and T. Platt. 1984. Primary production of Arctic waters. Polar Biol. 3:191–201.
Swift, J. H., T. Takahashi, and H. D. Livingstone. 1983. The contribution of the Greenland and Barents seas to the deep water of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 88:5981–5986.
Takahaski, T., W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer. 1985. Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces. J. Geophys. Res. 90(C4):6907–6924.
Tan, F. C., and P. M. Strain. 1980. The distribution of sea ice meltwater in the eastern Canadian Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. 85:1925–1932.
Tan, F. C., D. Dyrssen, and P. M. Strain. 1983. Sea ice meltwater and excess alkalinity in the east Greenland current. Oceanologica Acta 6:283–288.
Thompson, T. G., and K. H. Nelson. 1956. Concentration of brines and deposition of salts from water under frigid conditions. Am. J. Sc. 254:227–238.
Top, Z., W. B. Clarke, and R. M. Moore. 1983. Anomalous neon-helium ratios in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10:1168–1171.
Tsurikov, V. L. 1974. Statistics of salt composi- tion in sea ice. Oceanology 14(3):360–367.
Vetshteyn, V. Ye., G. A. Malyuk, and V. P. Rusanov. 1974. Oxygen-18 distribution in the central Arctic Basin. Oceanology 14:514–519.
Wallace, D. W. R., and R. M. Moore. 1985. Vertical profiles of CC13F (F-11) and CC12F2 (F-12) in the central Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 90:1155–1166.
Walsh, J. J. 1983. Death in the sea: Enigmatic phytoplankton losses. Prog. Oceanogr. 12:186.
Walsh, J. J., G. T. Rowe, R. L. Iverson, and C. P. McRoy. 1981. Biological export of shelf carbon is a neglected sink of the global CO2 cycle. Nature 291:196–201.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Van Nostrand Reinhold
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anderson, L., Dyrssen, D. (1989). Chemical Oceanography of the Arctic Ocean. In: Herman, Y. (eds) The Arctic Seas. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0677-1_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8022-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0677-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive