This chapter is structured as follows: First we discuss altimeter missions to date and what has been established in early studies in describing the subpolar circulation. Then we proceed to more recent studies of the subpolar gyre variability, mainly related to the 1990s large changes in the stratification structure during which time we are fortunate to have had TOPEX/Poseidon mission. Finally, we present the latest developments as gathered from altimetry and drifters for the subpolar gyre and North Atlantic Current (NAC) variability.
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Häkkinen, S., Hátún, H., Rhines, P. (2008). Satellite Evidence of Change in the Northern Gyre. In: Dickson, R.R., Meincke, J., Rhines, P. (eds) Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7_24
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