The aim of this study is to analyse the toxicological potential of fine and ultrafine particles from industrial combustion processes using a biotest. This biotest is performed by near-realistic exposure of cultivated lung cells at the air-liquid interface and analysing the biological responses. Important steps in this work are to develop the exposure system for the use at industrial particle sources, to provide reproducible deposition conditions for submicron particles and to validate the exposure protocol for the bioassay. The presented technique maintains the viability of the cells but is sensitive for inflammatory effects. Exposure experiments with the ultrafine fraction of fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator have shown an increased release of IL-8 as a function of exposure time and dose. The presented exposure method and the lung specific bioassay seem to be an appropriate model to simulate the inhalation of particulate air pollution and to screen the biological effects of particulate emissions from different sources.
Keywords: Aerosol, bioassay, PM10, toxicity, ultrafine particles
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aufderheide M., and Moor U. (2000), CULTEX—An alternative technique for cultivation and exposure of cells of the respiratory tract to airborne pollutants at the air/liquid interface. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 52, 265–270.
Aufderheide M. (2005), Direct exposure methods for testing native atmospheres. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 57, Supplement 1, 213–226.
Birnbaum L., Richers U., and Koeppel W. (1996), Untersuchung der physikalisch/chemischen Eigenschaften von Filterstäuben aus Müllverbrennungsanlagen (MVA). Wissenschaftliche Berichte/Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, FZKA-5693.
Bitterle E., Karg E., Schroeppel A., Kreyling W. G., Tippe A., Ferron G. A., Schmid O., Heyder J., Maier K. L., and Hofer T. (2006), Dose-controlled exposure of A549 epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface to airborne ultrafine carbonaceous particles. Chemosphere, 65, (10), 1784–1790.
Cheng M. D. (2004), Effects of nanophase materials (C20 nm) on biological responses. J. Env. Sci. Health - Part A Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Env. Eng., 39, (10), 2691–2705.
Cheng M. D., Malone B., and Storey J. M. E. (2003), Monitoring cellular responses of engine-emitted particles by using a direct air-cell interface deposition technique. Chemosphere, 53, 237–243.
Diabaté S., Mülhopt S., Paur H.-R., and Krug H. F. (2002), Pro-inflammatory effects in lung cells after exposure to fly ash aerosol via the atmosphere or the liquid phase. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 46, 382–385.
Diabaté S., Mülhopt S., Paur H.-R., and Krug H. F. (2007). Responses of human lung cells after exposure to ultrafine particles of incinerator fly ash at the air-liquid interface, submitted.
Mätzing H., Baumann W., and Paur H.-R. (1996), Bimodal aerosol coagulation with simultaneous condensation/evaporation, J. Aerosol Sci., 27, Supplement 1, S363–S364.
Monn C., and Becker S. (1999), Cytotoxicity and induction of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes exposed to fine (PM2.5) and coarse particles (PM10–2.5) in outdoor and indoor air. Toxicol. App. Pharmacol., 155, 245–252.
Mülhopt S., Seifert H., and Paur H.-R. (2004a, June), Exposure technique for a lung specific bioassay for the assessment of industrial ultra fine particle-emissions. (Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Nanostructured Materials, Wiesbaden; Germany).
Mülhopt S., Paur H-R., and Seifert H. (2004b), Expositionsverfahren für einen lungen-spezifischen Bioassay zur Bewertung industrieller Feinstpartikel-Emissionen. BWPLUS Report 2004, Retrieved from http://www.bwplus.fzk.de/berichte/SBer/BWB21018SBer.pdf.
Peters A., Wichmann H. E., Tuch T., Heinrich J., and Heyder J. (1997), Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultra-fine particles. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 155, 1376–1383
Steerenberg P. A., Zonnenberg J. A., Dormans J. A., Joon P. N., Wouters I. M., van Bree L., Scheepers P. T., and Van Loveren H. (1998), Diesel exhaust particles induced release of interleukin 6 and 8 by (primed) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS 2B) in vitro. Exp. Lung Res., 24, 85–100.
Voelkel K., Krug H. F., and Diabaté S. (2003), Formation of reactive oxygen species in rat epithelial cells upon stimulation with fly ash. J. Biosci., 28, 51–55.
Weingartner E., Baltensperger U., and Burtscher H. (1995), Growth and structural changes of combustion aerosols at high relative humidity. J. Aerosol Sci., 26, Supplement 1, S667–S668.
Wichmann H. E., and Peters A. (2000a), Epidemiological evidence of the effects of ultrafine particle exposure. Phil. Trans.: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. (Series A), 358, (1775), 2751–2769.
Wichmann H. E., Spix C., Tuch T., Wölke G., Peters A., Heinrich J., Kreyling W. G., and Heyder J. (2000b), Daily Mortality and Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Erfurt, Germany, Part I: Role of Particle Number and Particle Mass. Research Report Number 98, Health Effects Institute.
Wottrich R., Diabaté S., and Krug H. F. (2004), Biological effects of ultrafine model particles in human macrophages and epithelial cells in mono- and co-culture. Int. J. Hyg. Env. Health, 207, (4), 353–361.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mülhopt, S., Paur, HR., Diabaté, S., Krug, H.F. (2008). In Vitro Testing of Inhalable Fly Ash at the Air Liquid Interface. In: Kim, Y.J., Platt, U. (eds) Advanced Environmental Monitoring. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6364-0_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6364-0_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-6363-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-6364-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)