Abstract
The paper presents an experimental study of pathological human bile taken from the gallbladder and bile ducts. The flow dependences were obtained for different types of bile from patients with the same pathology, but of different age and sex. The parameters of the Casson’s and Carreau’s equations were found for bile samples. Results on the hysteretic bile behavior at loading-unloading tests are also presented, which proved that the pathologic bile is a non-Newtonian thixotropic liquid. The viscosity of the gallbladder bile was shown to be higher compared to the duct bile. It was found that at higher shear stress the pathological bile behaves like Newtonian fluid, which is explained by reorientation of structural components. Moreover, some pathological bile flow in the biliary system CFD simulations were performed. The velocity and pressure distributions as well as flow rates in the biliary segments during the gallbladder refilling and emptying phases are obtained. The results of CFD simulations can be used for surgeons to assess the patient’s condition and choose an adequate treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrian, T., 2007, Motility and other disorders of the biliary tract, xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference 1, 1–6.
Agarwal, S., A.K. Sinha and S.P. Singh, 2012, A theoretical analysis of the effect of the non-Newtonian bile flow characteristics in the diseased cystic duct, Int. J. Appl. Math Mech. 8, 92–103.
Al-Atabi, M.T., S.B. Chin and X.Y. Luo, 2005, Flow structure in circular tubes with segmental baffles, Journal of Flow Visualization and Image Processing 12, 301–311.
Al-Atabi, M.T., S.B. Chin and X.Y. Luo, 2006, Visualization experiment of flow structures inside two-dimensional human biliary system models, Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 6, 249–260.
Al-Atabi, M.T., S.B. Chin and X.Y. Luo, 2006, Cystic duct visual-based evaluation of gallstones formation risk factors, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 1, 1–9.
Al-Atabi, M.T., S.B. Chin X.Y. Luo and S.B.M. Beck, 2008, Investigation of the flow in a compliant idealised human cystic duct, Journal of Biomechanical Science and Engineering 3, 411–418.
Al-Atabi, M.T., S.B. Chin and X.Y. Luo, 2010, Experimental investigation of the flow of bile in patient specific cystic duct models, ASME Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 132, 247–254.
Al-Atabi, M.T., R.C. Ooi, X.Y. Luo, S.B. Chin and N.C. Bird, 2012, Computational analysis of the flow of bile in human cystic duct, Medical Eng. Phys. 34, 1177–1183.
Azikri de Deus, H.P. and G.S.P. Dupim, 2013, On behavior of the thixotropic fluids, Physics Letters A 377, 478–485.
Bouchier, I.A.D., S.R. Cooperband and B.M. Kodsi, 1965, Mucous substances and viscosity of normal and pathological human bile, Gastroenterology 49, 343–353.
Cho, S.W., S.W. Kim, M.H. Sung, K.C. Ro and H.C. Ryou, 2011, Fluid-structure interaction analysis on the effects of vessel material properties on blood flow characteristics in stenosed arteries under axial rotation, Korea-Aust. Rheol. J. 23, 7–16.
Coene, P.P.-L.O., A.K. Groen, P.H.P. Davids, M. Hardeman, G.N.G. Tytgat and K. Huibregtse, 1994, Bile viscosity in patients with biliary drainage effect of co-trimoxazole and Nacetylcysteine and role in stent clogging, Scand J. Gastroenterol 29, 757–763.
Cowie, A.G.A. and J.D. Sutor, 1975, Viscosity and osmolarity of abnormal biles, Digestion 13, 312–325.
Doty, J.E., H.A. Pitt, S.L. Kuchenbecker, V. Porter-Fink and L. DenBesten, 1983, Role of gallbladder mucus in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone, Am. J. Surg. 145, 54–61.
Everhartet, J.E., M. Khare, M. Hill and K.R. Maurer, 1999, Prevalence and ethnic differences in gallbladder disease in the United States, Gastroenterology 117, 632–639.
Gavrilenko, S.L., R.A. Vasin and S.V. Shilko, 2002, A method for determining flow and rheological constants of viscoplastic biomaterials. Part 1., Russian Journal of Biomechanics 6, 90–96.
Gottschalk, M. and A. Lochner, 1990, Behaviour of postoperative viscosity of bile fluid from T-drainage, Gastroenterol. J. 50, 65–67.
Guelrud, M., 1993, Sphincter of Oddi (SO) motor function in patients with symptomatic gallstones, Gastroenterology 104, A361.
Harada, H., O. Ueda, F. Kochi, T. Kobayashi and M. Komazawa, 1981, Comparative studies on viscosity and concentration of protein and hexosaminein pure pancreatic juice, Gastroenterologia Japonica 16, 623–626
Jian, C. and G. Wang, 1991, Biomechanical study of the bile duct outside the liver, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering 1, 105–113.
Jungst, D., A. Niemeyer, I. Muller, B. Zundt, G. Meyer, M. Wilhelmi and R. del Pozo, 2001, Mucin and phospholipids determine viscosity of gallblader bile in patients with gallstones, World J. Gastroenterology 7, 203–207.
Khuroo, M.S., R. Mahajan, S.A. Zargar, G. Javid and S. Sapru, 1989, Prevalence of biliary tract disease in India: A sonographic study in adult population in Kashmir, Gut 30, 201–205.
Kocevar-Nared, J., J. Kristl and J. Šmid-Korbar, 1997, Comparative rheological investigation of crude gastric mucin and natural gastric mucus, Biomaterials 18, 677–681.
Křøen, J. and L. Hyncík, 2007, Modelling of non-Newtonian fluids, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 76, 116–123.
Kuchumov, A.G., Y.I. Nyashin, V.A. Samarcev, V.A. Gavrilov and M. Mesnard, 2011, Biomechanical approach to biliary system modelling as a step towards virtual physiological human project, Russian Journal of Biomechanics 15, 28–42.
Kuchumov, A.G., Y.I. Nyashin, V.A. Samarcev and V.A. Gavrilov, 2013, Modelling of the pathological bile flow in the duct with a calculus, Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics DOI: 10.5277/abb130402.
Li, W.G., X.Y. Luo, A.G. Johnson, N.A. Hill, N. Bird and S.B. Chin, 2007, One-dimensional models of the human biliary system, ASME J. Biomech. Eng. 129, 164–173.
Li, W.G., X.Y. Luo, S.B. Chin, N.A. Hill, A.G. Johnson and N.C. Bird, 2008, Non-Newtonian bile flow in elastic cystic duct-one and three dimensional modelling, Annals of Biomedical Engineering 36, 1893–908.
Luo, X.Y., W.G. Li, N. Bird, S.B. Chin, N.A. Hill and A.G. Johnson, 2007, On the mechanical behavior of the human biliary system, World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 1384–1392.
Luo, X.Y., S.B. Chin, R.C. Ooi, M. Clubb, A.G. Johnson and N. Bird, 2004, The rheological properties of human bile, Fourth International Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Dalian, China.
Maiti, S. and J.C. Misra, 2011, Peristaltic flow of a fluid in a porous channel: a study having relevance to flow of bile within ducts in a pathological state, International Journal of Engineering Science 49, 950–966.
Mongkolwongrojn, M., K. Wongseedakaew and F.E. Kennedy, 2010, Transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication in artificial knee joint with non-Newtonian fluids, Tribology International 43, 1017–1026.
Nagarani, P. and A. Lewis, 2012, Peristaltic flow of a Casson fluid in an annulus, Korea-Aust. Rheol. J. 24, 1–9.
Ooi, R.C., X.Y. Luo, S.B. Chin, A.G. Johnson and N.C. Bird, 2004, The flow of bile in the human cystic duct, J. Biomech. 37, 1913–1922.
Portincasa, P., A. Di Ciaula, G. Baldassarre, V. Palmieri, A. Gentile, A. Cimmino and G. Palasciano, 1994, Gallbladder motor function in gallstone patients: sonographic and in vitro studies on the role of gallstones, smooth muscle function and gallbladder wall inflammation, J. Hepatol. 21, 430–440.
Rodkiewicz, C.M. and W.J. Otto, 1979, On the Newtonian behavior of bile, J. Biomech. 12, 411–413.
Ryan, J. and S. Cohen, 1976, Gallbladder pressure-volume response to gastrointestinal hormones, Am. J. Physiol. 230, 1461–1465.
Samartsev, V.A., 2005, Paths of the improvement of the cholelithiasis treatment at the high operative risk groups: optimization of the diagnostics methods, landmark endoscopic and less-invasive tratment, predicting and prophylactics of the complications, Doctor of Medical Sciences Thesis, Academician EA Wagner Perm State Medical Academy, Russia.
Szwajczak, E., 2004, Dependence of hyaluronan aqueous solution viscosity on external fields. Part II, Russian Journal of Biomechanics 8, 89–93.
Tera, H., 1963, Sedimentation of bile constituents, Ann. Surg. 157, 468–472.
Vitetta, L. and A. Sali, 1992, Primary bile duct stones and bacterial activity, HPB Surgery 6, 23–33.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kuchumov, A.G., Gilev, V., Popov, V. et al. Non-Newtonian flow of pathological bile in the biliary system: experimental investigation and CFD simulations. Korea-Aust. Rheol. J. 26, 81–90 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13367-014-0009-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13367-014-0009-1