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Semi-empirical modeling of fuselage–rotor interference for comprehensive codes: the fundamental model

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Abstract

The flow field around the isolated HART II fuselage is computed by a computational fluid dynamics code. Velocities normal to the rotor rotational plane are extracted in a volume around the rotor as a data basis. A simple semi-empirical analytical formulation of the fuselage-induced velocities, based on parameter identification from computational fluid dynamics or measured data, is developed for use in comprehensive rotor codes. This model allows the computation of fuselage–rotor interferences on the rotor blade element level. It also allows the prediction of the rotor wake geometry deformation due to the presence of the fuselage in both prescribed wake and free-wake codes. Its impact on rotor thrust, power and trim is evaluated analytically using blade element momentum theory and by DLR’s comprehensive rotor code.

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Abbreviations

\(A\), \(B\) :

Non-dimensional effective begin and end of airfoiled section

\(A_0\) :

Magnitude

\(c\) :

Rotor blade chord (m)

\(C_{l\alpha}\) :

Lift curve slope

\(c_n\) :

Polynomial coefficient

\(C_T\) :

Thrust coefficient, \(C_T=T/(\rho \pi R^2(\Omega R)^2)\)

\(M\) :

Mach number

\(M_\beta\) :

Aerodynamic moment about flap hinge (Nm)

\(N_b\) :

Number of blades

\(P\) :

Rotor power (kW)

\(r\) :

Non-dimensional radial coordinate

\(R\) :

Rotor radius (m)

\(S_A, S_x, S_y\) :

Shape functions of amplitude, dito in \(x\)- and in \(y\)-direction

\(T\) :

Rotor thrust (N)

\(v_{if}\) :

Fuselage-induced velocity (m/s)

\(V_T\) :

Tangential velocity at the blade element in the hub plane (m/s)

\(V_P\) :

Velocity at the blade element perpendicular to the hub plane (m/s)

\(V_\infty\) :

Airspeed (m/s)

\(x, y, z\) :

Hub-fixed coordinates (m)

\(x_0, y_0, z_0\) :

Position of maximum induced velocities (m)

\(z_{\rm v}\) :

Vortex position (m)

\(z_R, z_F\) :

Vortex position due to rotor- and fuselage-induced velocities (m)

\(\alpha , \alpha _a\) :

Shaft and blade element angle of attack (\(^\circ\))

\(\Theta\) :

Blade element pitch angle (\(^\circ\))

\(\Theta _0, \Theta _C, \Theta _S\) :

Collective, lateral and longitudinal cyclic control angle (\(^\circ\))

\(\lambda _{if}\) :

Fuselage-induced inflow ratio, \(\lambda _{if}=v_{if}/V_\infty\)

\(\mu\) :

Advance ratio, \(\mu =V_\infty \cos \alpha /(\Omega R)\)

\(\rho\) :

Air density (kg/m\(^3\))

\(\sigma\) :

Rotor solidity (rectangular blade), \(\sigma =N_b c/(\pi R)\)

\(\psi\) :

Rotor blade azimuth (\(^\circ\))

\(\Omega\) :

Rotor rotational frequency (rad/s)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Flight Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108, Braunschweig, Germany

    Berend G. van der Wall

  2. Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bunsenstraße 10, 37073, Göttingen, Germany

    André Bauknecht

  3. Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea

    Sung N. Jung & Young H. You

Authors
  1. Berend G. van der Wall
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  2. André Bauknecht
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  3. Sung N. Jung
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  4. Young H. You
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Correspondence to Berend G. van der Wall.

Additional information

Condensed form of a paper first presented at the 5th Decennial AHS Aeromechanics Specialists’ Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2014.

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van der Wall, B.G., Bauknecht, A., Jung, S.N. et al. Semi-empirical modeling of fuselage–rotor interference for comprehensive codes: the fundamental model. CEAS Aeronaut J 5, 387–401 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-014-0113-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-014-0113-4

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